The idea that the protocol and socktype is part of name resolving in the
libc functions is nuts. We keep the name resolver functions assume
TCP/STREAM and we make sure that when we want to connect to a UDP
service we use the correct UDP/DGRAM set instead. This bug was because
the ->protocol field was not always set correctly.
This bug was only affecting ipv6-disabled non-cares non-threaded builds.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3154436
Reported by: "dperham"
When configure --enable-debug has been used, all files in lib/ are now
built twice and a separate static library crafted for unit-testing will
be linked. The unit tests in the tests/unit subdir will use that
library.
Since some systems don't have PATH_MAX and it isn't that clever to
assume a fixed maximum path length, the code now allocates buffer space
instead of using stack.
Reported by: Samuel Thibault
Bug: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=608521
Sending "pwd" as a QUOTE command only sent the reply to the
DEBUGFUNCTION. Now it also sends an FTP-like header to the header
callback to allow similar operations as with FTP, and apps can re-use
the same parser.
When built IPv6-enabled, we could do Curl_done() with one of the two
resolves having returned already, so when ares_cancel() is called the
resolve callback ends up doing funny things (sometimes resulting in a
segfault) since it would try to actually store the previous resolve even
though we're shutting down the resolve.
This bug was introduced in commit 8ab137b2bc so it hasn't been
included in any public release.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3145445
Reported by: Pedro Larroy
Providing multiple dots in a series in the domain field (domain=..com) could
trick the cookie engine to wrongly accept the cookie believing it to be
fine. Since the tailmatching would then match all .com sites, the cookie would
then be sent to all of them.
The code now requires at least one letter between each dot for them to be
counted. Edited test case 61 to verify this.
When using the multi interface and connecting to a host name that
resolves to multiple IP addresses, there was no logic that made it
continue to the next IP if connecting to the first address times
out. This is now corrected.
The info about pipe status and expire cleared are clearly debug-related
and not anything mere mortals will or should care about so they are now
ifdef'ed DEBUGBUILD
Similar to what is done already for RCPT TO, the code now checks for and
adds angle brackets (<>) around the email address that is provided for
CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT unless the app has done so itself.
Make sure that Curl_cache_addr() errors are propagated to callers of
loadhostpairs().
(this loadhostpairs function caused a scan-build warning due to the
'dns' variable getting assigned but never used)
Doing curlx_strtoofft() on the size just to figure out the end of it
causes a compiler warning since the result wasn't used, but is also a
bit of a waste.
Since the original `conn' pointer was used after the `connectdata' it
points to has been closed/cleaned up by Curl_reconnect_request it caused
a crash. We must make sure to use the newly created connection instead!
URL: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-12/0202.html
Make the c-ares resolver code ask for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses when
IPv6 is enabled.
This is a workaround for the missing ares_getaddrinfo() and is a lot
easier to implement.
Note that as long as c-ares returns IPv4 addresses when IPv6 addresses
were requested but missing, this will cause a host's IPv4 addresses to
occur twice in the DNS cache.
URL: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-12/0041.html
The SSL_SERVER_VERIFY_LATER bit in the ssl_ctx_new() call allows the
code to verify the peer certificate explicitly after the handshake and
then the "data->set.ssl.verifypeer" option works.
The public axTLS header (at least as of 1.2.7) redefines the memory
functions. We #undef those again immediately after the public header to
limit the damage. This should be fixed in axTLS.
Failed HTTPS tests: 301, 306, 311, 312, 313, 560
311, 312 need more detailed error reporting from axTLS.
313 relates to CRL, which hasn't been implemented yet.
Added axTLS to autotool files and glue code to misc other files.
axtls.h maps SSL API functions, but may change.
axtls.c is just a stub file and will definitely change.
The function that checks if pipelining is possible now requires the HTTP
bit to be set so that it doesn't mistakenly tries to do it for other
protocols.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-12/0152.html
Reported by: Dmitri Shubin
The generic timeout code must not check easy handles that are already
completed. Going to completed (again) within there risked decreasing the
number of alive handles again and thus it could go negative.
This regression bug was added in 7.21.2 in commit ca10e28f06
ossl_connect_common() now checks whether or not 'struct
connectdata->state' is equal 'ssl_connection_complete' and if so, will
return CURLE_OK with 'done' set to 'TRUE'. This check prevents
ossl_connect_common() from creating a new ssl connection on an existing
ssl session which causes openssl to fail when it tries to parse an
encrypted TLS packet since the cipher data was effectively thrown away
when the new ssl connection was created.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-11/0169.html
It helps to prevent a hangup with some FTP servers in case idle session
timeout has exceeded. But it may be useful also for other protocols
that send any quit message on disconnect. Currently used by FTP, POP3,
IMAP and SMTP.
When looping in this function and checking for the timeout being
expired, it was not updating the reference time when calculating the
timediff since previous round which made it think each subsequent loop
to have taken longer than it actually did.
I also modified the function to use the generic Curl_timeleft() function
instead of the custom logic.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3112579
Ensure that spurious results from system's getaddrinfo() ares not propagated
by Curl_getaddrinfo_ex() into the library.
Also ensure that the ai_addrlen member of Curl_getaddrinfo_ex()'s output linked
list of Curl_addrinfo structures has appropriate family-specific address size.
On Windows, translate WSAGetLastError() to errno values as GNU
TLS does it internally, too. This is necessary because send() and
recv() on Windows don't set errno when they fail but GNU TLS
expects a proper errno value.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3110991
When no timeout is set, we call the socket_ready function with a timeout
value of 0 during handshake, which makes it loop too much/fast in this
function. It also made this function return CURLE_OPERATION_TIMEDOUT
wrongly on a slow handshake.
However, the particular bug report that highlighted this problem is not
solved by this fix, as this fix only makes the more proper error get
reported instead.
Bug: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=594150
Reported by: Johannes Ernst
While changing Curl_sec_read_msg to accept an enum protection_level
instead of an int, I went ahead and fixed the usage of the associated
fields.
Some code was assuming that prot_clear == 0. Fixed those to use the
proper value. Added assertions prior to any code that would set the
protection level.
This is the advised way of checking for errors in the GSS-API RFC.
Also added some '\n' to the error message so that they are not mixed
with other outputs.
The IP version choice was previously only in the UserDefined struct
within the SessionHandle, but since we sometimes alter that option
during a request we need to have it on a per-connection basis.
I also moved more "init conn" code into the allocate_conn() function
which is designed for that purpose more or less.
CURLOPT_RESOLVE is a new option that sends along a curl_slist with
name:port:address sets that will populate the DNS cache with entries so
that request can be "fooled" to use another host than what otherwise
would've been used. Previously we've encouraged the use of Host: for
that when dealing with HTTP, but this new feature has the added bonus
that it allows the name from the URL to be used for TLS SNI and server
certificate name checks as well.
This is a first change. Surely more will follow to make it decent.
If the query result has a binary attribute, the binary attribute is
base64 encoded. But all following non binary attributes are also base64
encoded which is wrong.
This is a test (LDAP server is public).
curl
ldap://x500.bund.de:389/o=Bund,c=DE?userCertificate,certificateSerialNumber?sub
?cn=*Woehleke*
If you use a custom Host: name in a request to a SSL server, libcurl
will now use that given name when it verifies the server certificate to
be correct rather than using the host name used in the actual URL.
When given a custom host name in a Host: header, we can use it for
several different purposes other than just cookies, so we rename it and
use it for SSL SNI etc.
Some FTP servers (e.g. Pure-ftpd) end up hanging if we close the data
connection before transferring all the requested data. If we send ABOR
in that case, it prevents the server from hanging.
Bug: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/643656
Reported by: Pasi Karkkainen, Patrick Monnerat
These haven't worked in at least 8 years due to missing source
files, and most active RiscOS developers these days apparently
cross-compile anyway.
Signed-off-by: James Bursa <james@zamez.org>
In libssh2 1.2.8, libssh2_session_handshake() replaces
libssh2_session_startup() to fix the previous portability problem with
the socket type that was too small for win64 and thus easily could cause
crashes and more.
It is a bad idea to use the public prefix used by another library and
now we realize that libssh2 introduces a symbol in the upcoming version
1.2.8 that conflicts with our static function named libssh2_free.
When failing to build form post due to an error, the code now does a
proper failf(). Previously libcurl would report an error like "failed
creating formpost data" when a file wasn't possible to open which was
not easy for users to figure out.
I also lower cased a function name to be named more curl-style and
removed some unnecessary code.
The URL parser got a little stricter as it now considers a ? to be a
host name divider so that the slightly sloppier URLs work too. The
problem that made me do this change was the reported problem with an URL
like: www.example.com?email=name@example.com This form of URL is not
really a legal URL (due to the missing slash after the host name) but is
widely accepted by all major browsers and libcurl also already accepted
it, it was just the '@' letter that triggered the problem now.
The side-effect of this change is that now libcurl no longer accepts the
? letter as part of user-name or password when given in the URL, which
it used to accept (and is tested in test 191). That letter is however
mentioned in RFC3986 to be required to be percent encoded since it is
used as a divider.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3090268
In order to avoid for example the pingpong protocols to issue STARTTLS
(or equivalent) even though there's no SSL support built-in.
Reported by: Sune Ahlgren
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/archive-2010-10/0045.html
As the change in 5f0ae7a062 added a precaution against negative
file sizes that for some reason managed to get returned, this change now
introduces the same check at the second place in the code where the file
size from the libssh2 stat call is used.
This check might not be suitable for a 32 bit curl_off_t, but libssh2.h
assumes long long to work and to be 64 bit so I believe such a small
curl_off_t will be very unlikely to occur in the wild.
Renamed SDK_* to NDK_*; made NDK_* defines overwriteable from
environment; removed now obsolete YACC macro;
moved some curl_config.h defines to IPv6 section since they
are only needed when IPv6 is enabled - this makes libcurl compile
with older NDKs too which were not IPv6-aware.
We forgot to release the buffer passed to gss_init_sec_context.
The previous logic was difficult to read as we were reusing the same
variable (gssbuf) for both input buffer and output buffer. Splitted the
logic in 2 variables to better underline who needs to be released.
Also made the code break at 80 lines.
This fixes a memory leak related to the GSS-API code.
Added a krb5_init and krb5_end functions. Also removed a work-around
the lack of proper initialization of the GSS-API context.
It was pointed out that the special case libcurl did for 416 was
incorrect and wrong. 416 is not really different to other errors so the
response body must be handled like for other errors/http responses.
Reported by: Chris Smowton
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3076808
It is still not clarified exactly why this happens, but libssh2
sometimes report a negative file size for the remote SFTP file and that
deeply confuses libcurl (or crashes it) so this precaution is added to
avoid badness.
Reported by: Ernest Beinrohr
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3076430
Remove a leak seen on Kerberos/MIT (gss_OID is copied internally and
we were leaking it). Now we just pass NULL as advised in RFC2744.
|tmp| was never set back to buf->data.
Cleaned up Curl_sec_end to take into account failure in Curl_sec_login
(where conn->mech would be NULL but not conn->app_data or
conn->in_buffer->data).
Following a change in the way socket handler are registered, the custom
recv and send method were conditionaly registered.
We need to register them everytime to handle the ftp security
extensions.
Re-added the clear text handling in sec_recv.
Curl_sec_login was returning the opposite result that the code in ftp.c
was expecting. Simplified the return code (using a CURLcode) so to see
more clearly what is going on.
The functions Curl_disconnect() and Curl_done() are both used within the
scope of a single request so they cannot be allowed to use
Curl_expire(... 0) to kill all timeouts as there are some timeouts that
are set before a request that are supposed to remain until the request
is done.
The timeouts are now instead cleared at curl_easy_cleanup() and when the
multi state machine changes a handle to the complete state.
The date format in RFC822 allows that the seconds part of HH:MM:SS is
left out, but this function didn't allow it. This change also includes a
modified test case that makes sure that this now works.
Reported by: Matt Ford
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3076529
tftpd-hpa has a bug where it will send an incorrect ack when the block
counter wraps and tftp options have been sent. Work around that by
accepting an ack for 65535 when we're expecting one for 0.
- |fd| is now a curl_socket_t and |len| a size_t to avoid conversions.
- Added 2 FIXMEs about the 2 unsigned -> signed conversions.
- Included 2 minor changes to Curl_sec_end.
- Renamed it to do_sec_send as it is the function doing the actual
transfer.
- Do not return any values as no one was checking it and it never
reported a failure (added a FIXME about checking for errors).
- Renamed the variables to make their use more specific.
- Removed some casts (int -> curl_socket_t, ...)
- Avoid doing the htnl <-> nthl twice by caching the 2 results.
- Renamed the variables name to better match their intend.
- Unified the |decoded_len| checks.
- Added some FIXMEs to flag some improvement that did not go in this
change.
- Removed sec_prot_internal as it is now inlined in the function (this removed
a redundant check).
- Changed the prototype to return an error code.
- Updated the method to use the new ftp_send_command function.
- Added a level_to_char helper method to avoid relying on the compiler's
bound checks. This default to the maximum security we have in case of a
wrong input.
Tighten the type of the |data| parameter to avoid a cast. Also made
it const as we should not modify it.
Added a DEBUGASSERT on the size to be written while changing it.
To do so, made block_read call Curl_read_plain instead of read.
While changing them renamed block_read to socket_read and sec_get_data
to read_data to better match their function.
Also fixed a potential memory leak in block_read.
Obviously, browsers ignore a colon without a following port number. Both
Firefox and Chrome just removes the colon for such URLs. This change
does not remove the colon for URLs sent over a HTTP proxy, so we should
consider doing that change as well.
Reported by: github user 'kreshano'
curl_easy_duphandle() was not properly duping the ares channel. The
ares_dup() function was introduced in c-ares 1.6.0 so by starting to use
this function we also raise the bar and require c-ares >= 1.6.0
(released Dec 9, 2008) for such builds.
Reported by: Ning Dong
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0318.html
If built without HTTP or proxy support it would cause a compiler warning
due to the unused variable. I moved the declaration of it into the only
scope it is used.
bool_false is the internal name used in the setup_once.h definition
we fall back to for non-C99 non-stdbool systems, it's not the actual
name to use in assignments (we use bool_false, bool_true there to
avoid global namespace problems, see comment in setup_once.h).
The correct C99 value to use is 'false', but let's use FALSE as
used elsewhere when assigning to bits.close. FALSE is set equal
to 'false' in setup_once.h when possible.
This fixes a build problem on C99 targets.
As of curl-7.21.1 tunnelling ldap queries through HTTP Proxies is not
supported. Actually if --proxytunnel command-line option (or equivalent
CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL) is used for ldap queries like
ldap://ldap.my.server.com/... You are unable to successfully execute the
query. In facts ldap_*_bind is executed directly against the ldap server
and proxy is totally ignored. This is true for both openLDAP and
Microsoft LDAP API.
Step to reproduce the error:
Just launch "curl --proxytunnel --proxy 192.168.1.1:8080
ldap://ldap.my.server.com/dc=... "
This fix adds an invocation to Curl_proxyCONNECT against the provided
proxy address and on successful "CONNECT" it tunnels ldap query to the
final ldap server through the HTTP proxy. As far as I know Microsoft
LDAP APIs don't permit tunnelling in any way so the patch provided is
for OpenLDAP only. The patch has been developed against OpenLDAP 2.4.23
and has been tested with Microsoft ISA Server 2006 and works properly
with basic, digest and NTLM authentication.
Rodric provide an awesome recipe that proved libcurl didn't timeout at
the requested time - it instead often timed out at [connect time] +
[timeout time] instead of the documented and intended [timeout time]
only. This bug was due to the code using the wrong base offset when
comparing against "now". I could also take the oppurtinity to simplify
the code by properly using of the generic help function for this:
Curl_timeleft.
Reported by: Rodric Glaser
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3061535
As this function uses return code 0 to mean that there is no timeout, it
needs to check that it doesn't return a time left value that is exactly
zero. It could lead to libcurl doing an extra 1000 ms select() call and
thus not timing out as accurately as it should.
I fell over this bug when working on the bug 3061535 but this fix does
not correct that problem alone, although this is a problem that needs to
be fixed.
Reported by: Rodric Glaser
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3061535
The timeout is set for the connect phase already at the start of the
request so we should not add a new one, and we MUST not set expire to 0
as that will remove any other potentially existing timeouts.
The code reading chunked encoding attempts to rewind the code if it had
read more data than the chunky parser consumes. The rewinding can fail
and it will then cause an error. This change now makes the rewinding
only happen if pipelining is in use - as that's the only time it really
needs to be done.
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0297.html
Reported by: Ron Parker
Curl_getconnectinfo() is changed to return a proper curl_socket_t for
the last socket so that it'll work more portably (and cause less
compiler warnings).
Add a timeout check for handles in the state machine so that they will
timeout in all states disregarding what actions that may or may not
happen.
Fixed a bug in socket_action introduced recently when looping over timed
out handles: it wouldn't assign the 'data' variable and thus it wouldn't
properly take care of handles.
In the update_timer function, the code now checks if the timeout has
been removed and then it tells the application. Previously it would
always let the remaining timeout(s) just linger to expire later on.
Each easy handle has a list of timeouts, so as soon as the main timeout
for a handle expires, we must make sure to get the next entry from the
list and re-add the handle to the splay tree.
This was attempted previously but was done poorly in my commit
232ad6549a.
When a new transfer is about to start we now set the proper timeouts to
expire for the multi interface if they are set for the handle. This is a
follow-up bugfix to make sure that easy handles timeout properly when
the times expire and the multi interface is used. This also improves
curl_multi_timeout().
The fix for the busyloop really only is a temporary work-around. It
causes a BLOCKING behavior which is a NO-NO. This function should rather
be split up in a do and a doing piece where the pieces that aren't
possible to send now will be sent in the doing function repeatedly until
the entire request is sent.
HTTP allows that a server sends trailing headers after all the chunks
have been sent WITHOUT signalling their presence in the first response
headers. The "Trailer:" header is only a SHOULD there and as we need to
handle the situation even without that header I made libcurl ignore
Trailer: completely.
Test case 1116 was added to verify this and to make sure we handle more
than one trailer header properly.
Reported by: Patrick McManus
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3052450
The script works exactly same as the Perl one except for one thing:
when the text descriptions generated with openssl are included then
the md5 fingerprints are missing; seems openssl has either a bug or
a feature which prints the md5 fingerprint output to stdout instead
of writing them to specified file; this script could here do the same
as what the Perl scripr does (redirect stdout into file) but this
makes the script take up double the time because it needs to launch
cmd.exe 140 times (fo each openssl call). So I think for now we just
ommit the md5 fingerprints, and see if openssl will be fixed.
I fell over this bug report that mentioned that libcurl could wrongly
send more than one complete messages at the end of a transfer. Reading
the code confirmed this, so I've added a new multi state to make it not
happen. The mentioned bug report was made by Brad Jorsch but is (oddly
enough) filed in Debian's bug tracker for the "wmweather+" tool.
Bug: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=593390
There's an error in http_negotiation.c where a mistake is using only
userpwd even for proxy requests. Ludek provided a patch, but I decided
to write the fix slightly different using his patch as inspiration.
Reported by: Ludek Finstrle
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3046066
When detecting that the send or recv speed, the multi interface changes
state to TOOFAST and previously there was no timeout set that would
force a recheck but it would rely on the application to somehow call
libcurl anyway. This now sets a timeout for a suitable future time to
check again if the average transfer speed is then below the threshold
again.
Curl_expire() is now expanded to hold a list of timeouts for each easy
handle. Only the closest in time will be the one used as the primary
timeout for the handle and will be used for the splay tree (which sorts
and lists all handles within the multi handle).
When the main timeout has triggered/expired, the next timeout in time
that is kept in the list will be moved to the main timeout position and
used as the key to splay with. This way, all timeouts that are set with
Curl_expire() internally will end up as a proper timeout. Previously any
Curl_expire() that set a _later_ timeout than what was already set was
just silently ignored and thus missed.
Setting Curl_expire() with timeout 0 (zero) will cancel all previously
added timeouts.
Corrects known bug #62.
Instead of looping over all attached easy handles, this now keeps a list
of messages in the multi handle. It allows curl_multi_info_read() to
perform O(1) no matter how many easy handles that are handled. This is
of importance since this function may be polled very frequently by apps
using the multi interface.
When the progress callback is called during the TCP connection, an error
return would accidentally not abort the operation as intended but would
instead be counted as a failure to connect to that particular IP and
libcurl would just continue to try the next. I made singleipconnect()
and trynextip() return CURLcode properly.
Added bonus: it corrected the error code for bad --interface usages,
like tested in test 1084 and test 1085.
Reported by: Adam Light
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0105.html
Added the -br switch to dynamic builds which fixes the issue I saw
with curl's --version output. Added debug info and symfile for debug
builds to linker opts. Added DLL loader for wlink back, but this time
dependend on wlink version.
Patch posted to the list by malak.jiri AT gmail.com.
The var %MAKEFLAGS is only set in 3 cases: if set as environment
var or as macro definition from commandline, and either with the
-u or -ms switch. Since all these cases are unlikely for the average
user it should be safe to only test if %MAKEFLAGS is defined; this
has the benefit that now all other switches can be used again in
addition to the -u which was formerly not possible.
Curl_llist_init is never used outside of llist.c and thus it should be
static. I also removed the protos for Curl_llist_insert_prev and
Curl_llist_remove_next which are functions we removed from llist.c ages
ago.
Test 563 is enabled now and verifies that the combo FTP type=A URL,
CURLOPT_PORT set and proxy work fine. As a bonus I managed to remove the
somewhat odd FTP check in parse_remote_port() and instead converted it
to a better and more generic 'slash_removed' struct field. Checking the
->protocol field isn't right since when an FTP:// URL is sent over a
HTTP proxy, the protocol is HTTP but the URL was handled by the FTP code
and thus slash_removed is set TRUE for this case.
The struct used for storing the message for a completed transfer is now
no longer allocated separatly but is kept within the main struct kept
for each easy handle so that we avoid one malloc (and the subsequent
free).
When libcurl internally decided to wait for a 100-continue header, there
was no call to the timeout function so there was no timeout callback
called when the multi_socket API was used and thus applications became
either completely wrong or at least ineffecient depending on how they
handled the situation. We now set a timeout to get triggered.
Reported by: Ben Darnell
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3039744
libssh2 1.2.6 and later handle >32bit file sizes properly even on 32bit
architectures and we make sure to use that ability.
Reported by: Mikael Johansson
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0052.html
Simply because the TCP might be connected already we cannot skip the
proxy connect procedure. We need to be careful to not overload more
meaning to the bits.tcpconnect field like this.
With this fix, SOCKS proxies work again when the multi interface is
used. I believe this regression was added with commit 4b351d018e,
released as 7.20.1.
Left todo: add a test case that verifies this functionality that
prevents us from breaking it again in the future!
Reported by: Robin Cornelius
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/bug/view.cgi?id=3033966
Commit 496002ea1c (released in 7.20.1) broke FTPS when using the
multi interface and OpenSSL was used. The condition for the non-blocking
connect was incorrect.
Reported by: Georg Lippitsch
Bug: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-07/0270.html
Previously the host name buffer was only used if gethostname() exists,
but since we converted that into a curl private function that function
always exists and will be used so the buffer needs to exist for all
cases/systems.
