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362 lines
15 KiB
XML
362 lines
15 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!DOCTYPE xep SYSTEM 'xep.dtd' [
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<!ENTITY % ents SYSTEM 'xep.ent'>
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%ents;
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]>
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<?xml-stylesheet type='text/xsl' href='xep.xsl'?>
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<xep>
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<header>
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<title>Current Off-the-Record Messaging Usage</title>
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<abstract>
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This document outlines the current usage of Off-the-Record messaging in
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XMPP, its drawbacks, its strengths, and recommendations for improving the
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end user experience.
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</abstract>
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&LEGALNOTICE;
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<number>0364</number>
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<status>Deferred</status>
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<type>Informational</type>
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<sig>Standards</sig>
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<approver>Council</approver>
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<dependencies>
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<spec>XMPP Core</spec>
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</dependencies>
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<supersedes/>
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<supersededby/>
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<shortname>NOT_YET_ASSIGNED</shortname>
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&sam;
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<revision>
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<version>0.3</version>
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<date>2017-01-28</date>
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<initials>egp</initials>
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<remark><p>Add a suggestion to use XEP-0380.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>0.2</version>
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<date>2016-04-24</date>
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<initials>ssw</initials>
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<remark>
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<p>
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Remove RFC 2119 language other than [NOT] RECOMMENDED, add session
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ending recommendations, add delivery receipt recommendation.
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</p>
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</remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>0.1</version>
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<date>2015-08-27</date>
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<initials>XEP Editor (mam)</initials>
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<remark><p>Initial published version approved by the XMPP Council.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>0.0.1</version>
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<date>2015-07-28</date>
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<initials>ssw</initials>
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<remark><p>Initial draft.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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</header>
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<section1 topic='Introduction' anchor='intro'>
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<p>
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The Off-the-Record messaging protocol (OTR) was originally introduced in
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the 2004 paper
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<em><link url='https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/otr-wpes.pdf'>
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Off-the-Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP
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</link></em>
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<note>
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Nikita Borisov, Ian Goldberg, Eric Brewer (2004-10-28). "Off-the-Record
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Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP"
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<<link url='https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/otr-wpes.pdf'>
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https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/otr-wpes.pdf
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</link>>
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</note>
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and has since become the de facto standard for performing end-to-end
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encryption in XMPP. OTR provides encryption, deniable authentication,
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forward secrecy, and malleable encryption.
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</p>
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<p>
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The OTR protocol itself is currently described by the document:
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<em><link url='https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html'>
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Off-the-Record Messaging Protocol version 3
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</link></em>
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<note>
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"Off-the-Record Messaging Protocol version 3"
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<<link url='https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html'>
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https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html
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</link>>
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</note>
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and will not be redescribed here. Instead, this document aims to describe
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OTR's usage and best practices within XMPP. It is not intended to be a
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current standard, or technical specification, as better (albeit, newer and
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less well tested) methods of end-to-end encryption exist for XMPP.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='Overview' anchor='overview'>
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<p>
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Though this document will not focus on the OTR protocol itself, a brief
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overview is warranted to better understand the protocols strengths and
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weaknesses.
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</p>
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<p>
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OTR uses 128 bit AES symmetric-key encryption and the SHA-1 hash function.
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An OTR session can be held only between two parties, meaning that OTR is
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incompatible with &xep0045; and &xep0369;. It provides deniability in the
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form of malleable encryption (a third party may generate fake messages
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after the session has ended). This means that if you were not a part of
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the original conversation, you cannot prove, based on captured messages
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alone, that a message from the conversation was actually sent by a given
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party. Unlike PGP, OTR also provides forward secrecy; even if a session
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is recorded and the primary key is compromised at a later date, the OTR
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messages will not be able to be decrypted as each was encrypted with an
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ephemeral key exchanged via Diffie-Hellman key exchange with a 1536 bit
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modulus.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='Discovery'>
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<p>
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Clients that support the OTR protocol do not advertise it in any of the
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normal XMPP ways. Instead, OTR provides its own discovery mechanism. If a
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client wishes to indicate support for OTR they include a special
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whitespace tag in their messages. This tag can appear anywhere in the body
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of the message stanza, but it is most often found at the end. The OTR tag
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comprises the following bytes:
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR tag'><![CDATA[
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\x20\x09\x20\x20\x09\x09\x09\x09 \x20\x09\x20\x09\x20\x09\x20\x20
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]]></example>
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<p>
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and is followed by one or more of the following sequences to indicate the
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version of OTR which the client supports:
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR tag version 1'><![CDATA[
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\x20\x09\x20\x09\x20\x20\x09\x20
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]]></example>
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<p>
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Note that this version 1 tag must come before other version tags for
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compatibility; it is, however, NOT RECOMMENDED to implement version 1 of
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the OTR protocol.
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR tag version 2'><![CDATA[
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\x20\x20\x09\x09\x20\x20\x09\x20
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]]></example>
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<example caption='OTR tag version 3'><![CDATA[
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\x20\x20\x09\x09\x20\x20\x09\x09
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]]></example>
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<p>
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When a client sees this special string in the body of a message stanza it
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may choose to start an OTR session immediately, or merely indicate support
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to the user and allow the user to manually start a session. This is done
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by sending a message stanza containing an OTR query message in the body
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which indicates the supported versions of OTR. In XMPP these are most
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commonly version 2 and version 3, which would be indicated by a message
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stanza which has a body that starts with the string:
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR query'>?OTR?v23?</example>
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<p>
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Any message which begins with the afforementioned string (note that the
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version number[s] may be different), postfixed with a payload should be
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decrypted as an OTR message. The initialization message should not contain
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a payload, and should just be the initialization string by itself.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='OTR Messages'>
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<section2 topic='Construction and Decoding'>
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<p>
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Some clients in the wild have been known to insert XML in the
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<body> node of a message. Clients that support OTR should tolerate
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encrypted payloads which expand to unescaped XML, and treat it as plain
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text.
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</p>
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</section2>
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<section2 topic='Routing'>
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<p>
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XMPP is designed so that the client needs to know very little about
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where and how a message will be routed. Generally, clients are
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encouraged to send messages to the bare JID and allow the server to
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route the messages as it sees fit. However, OTR requires that messages
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be sent to a particular resource. Therefore clients should send OTR
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messages to a full JID, possibly allowing the user to determine which
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resource they wish to start an encrypted session with. Furthermore, if a
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client receives a request to start an OTR session in a carboned message
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(due to a server which does not support the aforementioned "private"
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directive, or a client which does not set it), it should be silently
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ignored.
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</p>
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</section2>
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<section2 topic='Processing Hints'>
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<p>
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&xep0334; defines a set of hints for how messages should be handled by
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XMPP servers. These hints are not hard and fast rules, but suggestions
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which the servers may or may not choose to follow. Best practice is to
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include the following hints on all OTR messages:
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</p>
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<code><![CDATA[
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<no-copy xmlns="urn:xmpp:hints"/>
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<no-permanent-store xmlns="urn:xmpp:hints"/>
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]]></code>
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<p>
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Similarly the "private" directive from &xep0280; should also be included
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to indicate that carbons are not necessary (since no other resource will
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be able to read the message):
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</p>
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<code><![CDATA[<private xmlns="urn:xmpp:carbons:2"/>]]></code>
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</section2>
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<section2 topic='Explicit Message Encryption'>
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<p>
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&xep0380; defines a hint to let clients without OTR support know that
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this message was encrypted, and display a friendly message instead of
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the raw encrypted data. It is RECOMMENDED that the client adds this
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hint alongside every encrypted message
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</p>
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<code><![CDATA[
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<encryption xmlns="urn:xmpp:eme:0" namespace="urn:xmpp:otr:0"/>
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]]></code>
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<p>
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All together, an example OTR message might look like this (with the
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majority of the body stripped out for readability):
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR message with processing hints'><![CDATA[
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<message from='malvolio@stewardsguild.lit/countesshousehold'
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to='olivia@countess.lit/veiled'>
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<body>?OTR?v23?...</body>
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<encryption xmlns="urn:xmpp:eme:0" namespace="urn:xmpp:otr:0"/>
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<no-copy xmlns="urn:xmpp:hints"/>
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<no-permanent-store xmlns="urn:xmpp:hints"/>
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<private xmlns="urn:xmpp:carbons:2"/>
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</message>
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]]></example>
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</section2>
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<section2 topic='Delivery Receipts'>
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<p>
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If a client supports OTR and &xep0184; it is RECOMMENDED that the client
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send a delivery receipt only after successfully decrypting an encrypted
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message.
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</p>
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</section2>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='OTR Sessions'>
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<section2 topic='Starting an OTR session'>
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<p>
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Most clients today provide options to automatically start an OTR
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session, to manually construct a session at the users request, or to
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always require the use of an OTR session even if the remote client does
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not support OTR.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the interest of user experience, it is NOT RECOMMENDED to start an
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OTR session with a previously unseen resource or one for which we do not
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have OTR keys cached without first discovering if the remote end
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supports OTR using one of the mechanisms described in the "Discovery"
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section of this document except in security critical contexts where user
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experience is not a concern.
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</p>
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<p>
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Instead, it is RECOMMENDED to always allow the user to manually start an
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OTR session and to indicate that OTR is known to be available when OTR
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support is discovered by any of the aforementioned mechanisms.
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</p>
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</section2>
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<section2 topic='Ending an OTR session'>
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<p>
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It is RECOMMENDED that the lifetime of OTR sessions be limited to the
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lifetime of the XMPP session in which the OTR session was established.
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If a resource associated with either end of the OTR session goes offline
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(a closing stream tag is received, or a fatal stream error occurs), it
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is RECOMMENDED that the other end terminate the OTR session.
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</p>
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<p>
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When an XMPP session that is hosting an OTR session ends, it is
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RECOMMENDED that XMPP session be completely torn down before the
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associated OTR session is ended. For instance, when receiving a closing
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stream tag, clients should send their own closing stream tag (as
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specified in &rfc6120;), close the underlying TCP connection (or
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connections), and then terminate the OTR session in that order. This
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prevents a race condition in some clients that attempt to automatically
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establish an OTR session where the OTR session is torn down and then
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re-established by an incomming message before the XMPP session can be
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closed.
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</p>
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</section2>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='Use in XMPP URIs'>
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<p>
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&rfc5122; defines a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and
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Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) scheme for XMPP entities, and
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&xep0147; defines various query components for use with XMPP URI's. When
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an entity has an associated OTR fingerprint it's URI is often formed with
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"otr-fingerprint" in the query string. Eg.
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</p>
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<example caption='OTR Fingerprint'><![CDATA[
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xmpp:feste@allfools.lit?otr-fingerprint=AEA4D503298797D4A4FC823BC1D24524B4C54338
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]]></example>
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<p>
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The ®ISTRAR; maintains a registry of queries and key-value pairs for
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use in XMPP URIs at &QUERYTYPES;. As of the date this document was
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authored, the 'otr-fingerprint' query string has not been formally defined
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and has therefore is not officially recognized by the registrar.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='Acknowledgements' anchor='acks'>
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<p>
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Thanks to Daniel Gultsch for his excellent
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<link url='https://github.com/siacs/Conversations/blob/development/docs/observations.md'>
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article
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</link>
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<note>
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Daniel Gultsch (Retreived on 2015-07-29). "Observations on Imlementing
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XMPP"
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<<link url='https://github.com/siacs/Conversations/blob/development/docs/observations.md'>
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https://github.com/siacs/Conversations/blob/development/docs/observations.md
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</link>>
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</note>
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on the pitfalls of implementing OTR, and to Georg Lukas and Chris
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Ballinger for their feedback and corrections.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='Security Considerations' anchor='security'>
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<p>
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While this document describes an existing protocol which is streamed over
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XMPP and therefore does not introduce any new security concerns itself, it
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is worth mentioning a few security issues with the underlying OTR
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protocol:
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</p>
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<p>
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Because Diffie-Hellman (D-H) key exchange is unauthenticated, the initial
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D-H exchange which sets up the encrypted channel is vulnerable to a
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man-in-the-middle attack. No sensitive information should be sent over the
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encrypted channel until mutual authentication has been performed inside
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the encrypted channel.
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</p>
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<p>
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OTR makes use of the SHA-1 hash algorithm. While no practical attacks have
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been observed in SHA-1 at the time of this writing, theoretical attacks
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have been constructed, and attacks have been performed on hash functions
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that are similar to SHA-1. One cryptographer estimated that the cost of
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generating SHA-1 collisions was $2.77 million dollars in 2012, and would
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drop to $700,000 by 2015.
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<note>
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Bruce Schneier (2012-10-05). "When Will We See Collisions for SHA-1?"
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<<link url='https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/10/when_will_we_se.html'>
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https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/10/when_will_we_se.html
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</link>>
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</note>.
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This puts generating SHA-1 collisions well within the reach of
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governments, malicious organizations, and even well-funded individuals.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='IANA Considerations' anchor='iana'>
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<p>
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This document requires no interaction with the Internet Assigned Numbers
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Authority (IANA).
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic='XMPP Registrar Considerations' anchor='registrar'>
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<p>
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No namespaces or parameters need to be registered with the XMPP Registrar
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as a result of this document.
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</p>
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</section1>
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</xep>
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