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387 lines
15 KiB
XML
387 lines
15 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!DOCTYPE xep SYSTEM 'xep.dtd' [
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<!ENTITY % ents SYSTEM 'xep.ent'>
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%ents;
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]>
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<?xml-stylesheet type='text/xsl' href='xep.xsl'?>
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<xep>
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<header>
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<title>Jabber HTTP Polling</title>
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<abstract>This document defines an XMPP protocol extension that enables access to a Jabber server from behind firewalls which do not allow outgoing sockets on port 5222, via HTTP requests.</abstract>
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&LEGALNOTICE;
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<number>0025</number>
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<status>Deprecated</status>
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<type>Historical</type>
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<sig>Standards</sig>
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<dependencies>
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<spec>XMPP Core</spec>
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</dependencies>
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<supersedes/>
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<supersededby>
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<spec>XEP-0124</spec>
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</supersededby>
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<shortname>httppoll</shortname>
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&hildjj;
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<author>
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<firstname>Craig</firstname>
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<surname>Kaes</surname>
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<email>ckaes@jabber.com</email>
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<jid>ckaes@corp.jabber.com</jid>
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</author>
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<author>
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<firstname>David</firstname>
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<surname>Waite</surname>
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<email>mass@akuma.org</email>
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<jid>mass@akuma.org</jid>
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</author>
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<revision>
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<version>1.1</version>
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<date>2006-07-26</date>
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<initials>psa</initials>
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<remark><p>Per a vote of the Jabber Council, changed status to Deprecated.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>1.0</version>
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<date>2002-10-11</date>
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<initials>psa</initials>
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<remark><p>Per a vote of the Jabber Council, advanced status to Active.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>0.2</version>
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<date>2002-09-23</date>
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<initials>dew</initials>
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<remark><p>Changed format to allow socket-equivalent security.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<version>0.1</version>
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<date>2002-03-14</date>
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<initials>jjh</initials>
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<remark><p>Initial version.</p></remark>
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</revision>
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</header>
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<section1 topic="Introduction">
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<p><em>Note Well: This protocol specified in this document has been superseded by the protocol specified in &xep0124;.</em></p>
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<p>
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This specification documents a method to allow Jabber clients to access Jabber
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servers from behind existing firewalls. Although several similar methods
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have been proposed, this approach should work through all known firewall
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configurations which allow outbound HTTP access.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic="Background">
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<p>
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In general, a firewall is a box that protects a network from outsiders,
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by controlling the IP connections that are allowed to pass through the
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box. Often, a firewall will also allow access outside only by proxy,
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either explicit proxy support or implicit through Network Address
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Translation (NAT).
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</p>
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<p>
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In the interest of security, many firewall administrators do not allow
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outbound connections to unknown and unused ports. Until Jabber becomes
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more widely deployed, port 5222/tcp (for Jabber client connections) will
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often be blocked.
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</p>
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<p>
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The best solution for sites that are concerned about security is to run
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their own Jabber server, either inside the firewall, or in a DMZ
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<note>
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DMZ definition at
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<link
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url="http://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213891,00.html">
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searchwebmanagement.com
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</link>
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</note>
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network. However, there are network configuration where an external
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Jabber server must still be used and port 5222/tcp outbound cannot be
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allowed. In these situations, different methods for connecting to a
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Jabber server are required. Several methods exist today for doing this
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traversal. Most rely on the fact that a most firewalls are configured to
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allow access through port 80/tcp. Although some less-complicated
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firewalls will allow any protocol to traverse this port, many will proxy,
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filter, and verify requests on this port as HTTP. Because of this, a
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normal Jabber connection on port 80/tcp will not suffice.
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</p>
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<p>
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In addition, many firewalls/proxy servers will also not allow or not
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honor HTTP Keep-alives (as defined in section 19.7.1.1 of &rfc2068;)
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and will consider long-lived socket connections as security issues.
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Because of this the traditional Jabber connection model, where one
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socket is one stream is one session, will not work reliably.
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</p>
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<p>
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In light of all of the ways that default firewall rules can interfere
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with Jabber connectivity, a lowest-common denominator approach was
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selected. HTTP is used to send XML as POST requests and receieve pending
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XML within the responses. Additional information is prepended in the
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request body to ensure an equivalent level of security to TCP/IP sockets.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic="Normal data transfer">
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<p>
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The client makes HTTP requests periodically to the server. Whenever the
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client has something to send, that XML is included in the body of the
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request. When the server has something to send to the client, it must be
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contained in the body of the response.
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</p>
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<p>
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In some browser/platform combinations, sending cookies from the client is
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not possible due to design choices and limitations in the
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browser. Therefore, a work-around was needed to support clients based on
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these application platforms.
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</p>
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<p>
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All requests to the server are HTTP POST requests, with Content-Type:
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application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Responses from the server have
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Content-Type: text/xml. Both the request and response bodies are UTF-8
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encoded text, even if an HTTP header to the contrary exists. All
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responses contain a Set-Cookie header with an identifier, which is sent
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along with future requests as described below. This identifier cookie
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must have a name of 'ID'. The first request to a server always uses 0 as
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the identifier. The server must always return a 200 response code,
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sending any session errors as specially-formatted identifiers.
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</p>
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<p>
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The client sends requests with bodies in the following format:
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<example caption="Request Format">
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identifier ; key [ ; new_key] , [xml_body]
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</example>
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If the identifier is zero, key indicates an initial key. In this case,
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new_key should not be specified, and must be ignored.
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<table caption="Request Values">
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<tr>
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<th>Identifier</th>
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<th>Purpose</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>identifier</td>
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<td>
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To uniquely identify the session server-side. This field is only
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used to identify the session, and provides no security.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>key</td>
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<td>
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To verify this request is from the originator of the session. The
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client generates a new key in the manner described below for each
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request, which the server then verifies before processing the
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request.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>new_key</td>
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<td>
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The key algorithm can exhaust valid keys in a sequence, which
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requires a new key sequence to be used in order to continue the
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session. The new key is sent along with the last used key in the
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old sequence.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>xml_body</td>
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<td>
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The body of text to send. Since a POST must be sent in order for
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the server to respond with recent messages, a client may send
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a request without an xml_body in order to just retrieve new
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incoming packets. This is not required to be a full XML document or
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XML fragment, it does not need to start or end on element boundaries.
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</p>
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<p>
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The identifier is everything before the first semicolon, and must consist
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of the characters [A-Za-z0-9:-]. The identifier returned from the first
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request is the identifier for the session. Any new identifier that ends
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in ':0' indicates an error, with the entire identifier indicating the
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specific error condition. Any new identifier that does not end in ':0' is
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a server programming error, the client should discontinue the
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session. For new sessions, the client identifier is considered to be 0.
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</p>
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<section2 topic="Error conditions">
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<p>
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Any identifier that ends in ':0' indicates an error. Any previous
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identifier associated with this session is no longer valid.
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</p>
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<section3 topic="Unknown Error">
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<p>
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Server returns ID=0:0. The response body can contain a textual error
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message.
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</p>
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</section3>
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<section3 topic="Server Error">
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<p>Server returns ID=-1:0</p>
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</section3>
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<section3 topic="Bad Request">
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<p>Server returns ID=-2:0</p>
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</section3>
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<section3 topic="Key Sequence Error">
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<p>Server returns ID=-3:0</p>
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</section3>
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</section2>
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<p>
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The key is a client security feature to allow TCP/IP socket equivalent
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security. It does not protect against intermediary attacks, but does
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prevent a person who is capable of listening to the HTTP traffic from
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sending messages and receiving incoming traffic from another machine.
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</p>
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<p>The key algorithm should be familiar with those with knowledge of Jabber zero-knowledge authentication.</p>
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<example caption="Key Algorithm">
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K(n, seed) = Base64Encode(SHA1(K(n - 1, seed))), for n > 0
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K(0, seed) = seed, which is client-determined
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</example>
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<p>Note: Base64 encoding is defined in &rfc3548;. SHA1 is defined in &rfc3174;.</p>
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<p>
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No framing is implied by a single request or reply. A single request can
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have no content sent, in which case the body contains only the identifier
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followed by a comma. A reply may have no content to send, in which case
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the body is empty. Zero or more XMPP packets may be sent in a single
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request or reply, including partial XMPP packets.
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</p>
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<p>
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The absense of a long-lived connection requires the server to consider
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client traffic as a heartbeat to keep the session alive. If a
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server-configurable period of time passes without a successful POST
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request sent by the client, the server must end the client session. Any
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client requests using the identifier associated with that now dead
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session must return an error of '0:0'.
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</p>
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<p>
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The maximum period of time to keep a client session active without an
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incoming POST request is not defined, but five minutes is the recommended
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minimum. The maximum period of time recommended for clients between
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requests is two minutes; if the client has not sent any XML out for two
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minutes, a request without an XML body should be sent. If a client is
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disconnecting from the server, a closing <stream:stream> must be
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sent to end the session. Failure to do this may have the client continue
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to be represented to other users as available.
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</p>
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<p>
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If the server disconnects the user do to a session timeout, the server
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MUST bounce pending IQ requests and either bounce or store offline
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incoming messages.
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</p>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic="Usage">
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<p>
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The following is the sequence used for client communication
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<ol>
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<li>
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The client generates some initial K(0, seed) and runs the algorithm
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above 'n' times to determine the initial key sent to the server,
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K(n, seed)
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</li>
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<li>
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The client sends the request to the server to start the stream,
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including an identifier with a value of zero and K(n, seed)
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</li>
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<li>
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The server responds with the session identifier in the headers
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(within the Set-Cookie field).
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</li>
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<li>
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For each further request done by the client, the identifier from the
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server and K(n - 1, seed) are sent along.
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</li>
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<li>
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The server verifies the incoming value by generating
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K(1, incoming_value), and verifying that value against the value sent
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along with the last client request. If the values do not match, the
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request should be ignored or logged, with an error code being
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returned of -3:0. The request must not be processed, and must not
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extend the session keepalive.
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</li>
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<li>
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The client may send a new key K(m, seed') at any point, but should
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do this for n > 0 and must do this for n = 0. If K(0, seed) is
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sent without a new key, the client will not be able to continue the
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session.
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</li>
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</ol>
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</p>
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<example caption="Initial request (without keys)">
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<![CDATA[POST /wc12/webclient HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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Host: webim.jabber.com
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0,<stream:stream to="jabber.com"
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xmlns="jabber:client"
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xmlns:stream="http://etherx.jabber.org/streams">]]>
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</example>
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<example caption="Initial response">
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<![CDATA[Date: Fri, 15 Mar 2002 20:30:30 GMT
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Server: Apache/1.3.20
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Set-Cookie: ID=7776:2054; path=/webclient/; expires=-1
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Content-Type: text/xml
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<?xml version='1.0'?>
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<stream:stream xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
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id='3C9258BB'
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xmlns='jabber:client' from='jabber.com'>]]>
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</example>
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<example caption="Next request (without keys)">
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<![CDATA[POST /wc12/webclient HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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Host: webim.jabber.com
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7776:2054,<iq type="get" id="WEBCLIENT3">
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<query xmlns="jabber:iq:auth">
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<username>hildjj</username>
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</query>
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</iq>]]>
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</example>
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<example caption='key sequence'>
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K(0, "foo") = "foo"
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K(1, "foo") = "C+7Hteo/D9vJXQ3UfzxbwnXaijM="
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K(2, "foo") = "6UU8CDmH3O4aHFmCqSORCn721+M="
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K(3, "foo") = "vFFYSOhGyaGUgLrldtMBX7x91Wc="
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K(4, "foo") = "ZaDxCilBVTHS9dJfbBo1NsC2b+8="
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K(5, "foo") = "moPFsvHytDGiJQOjp186AMXAeP0="
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K(6, "foo") = "VvxEk07IFy6hUmG/PPBlTLE2fiA="
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</example>
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<example caption="Initial request (with keys)">
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<![CDATA[POST /wc12/webclient HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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Host: webim.jabber.com
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0;VvxEk07IFy6hUmG/PPBlTLE2fiA=,<stream:stream to="jabber.com"
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xmlns="jabber:client"
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xmlns:stream="http://etherx.jabber.org/streams">]]>
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</example>
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<example caption="Next request (with keys)">
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<![CDATA[POST /wc12/webclient HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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Host: webim.jabber.com
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7776:2054;moPFsvHytDGiJQOjp186AMXAeP0=,<iq type="get" id="WEBCLIENT3">
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<query xmlns="jabber:iq:auth">
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<username>hildjj</username>
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</query>
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</iq>]]>
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</example>
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<example caption='Changing key'>
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<![CDATA[POST /wc12/webclient HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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Host: webim.jabber.com
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7776:2054;C+7Hteo/D9vJXQ3UfzxbwnXaijM=;Tr697Eff02+32FZp38Xaq2+3Bv4=,<presence/>]]>
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</example>
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</section1>
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<section1 topic="Known issues">
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<ul>
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<li>This method works over HTTPS, which is good from the standpoint of functionality, but bad in the sense that a massive amount of hardware would be needed to support reasonable polling intervals for non-trivial numbers of clients.</li>
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</ul>
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</section1>
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</xep>
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