This document inherits terminology regarding the Hypertext Transport Protocol from RFCs 1945 and 2068.

The first request from the client to the connection manager creates a new session.

The <body/> element of the first request SHOULD possess the following attributes (they SHOULD NOT be included in any other requests except as specified in the Adding Streams To A Session section below):

• 'to' -- This attribute specifies the target domain.
• 'xml:lang' -- This attribute (as defined in Section 2.12 of &w3xml;) specifies the default language of any human-readable XML character data sent or received during the session.
• 'wait' -- This attribute specifies the longest time (in seconds) that the connection manager is allowed to wait before responding to any request during the session. This enables the client to prevent its TCP connection from expiring due to inactivity, as well as to limit the delay before it discovers any network failure.
• 'hold' -- This attribute specifies the maximum number of requests the connection manager is allowed to keep waiting at any one time during the session. (For example, if a constrained client is unable to keep open more than two HTTP connections to the same HTTP server simultaneously, then it SHOULD specify a value of "1".)

Note: Clients that only support polling behavior MAY prevent the connection manager from waiting by setting 'wait' or 'hold' to "0". However, polling is NOT RECOMMENDED since the associated increase in bandwidth consumption and the decrease in responsiveness are typically one or two orders of magnitude!

A connection manager MAY be configured to enable sessions with more than one XMPP server in different domains. When requesting a session with such a 'proxy' connection manager, a client SHOULD include a 'route' attribute that specifies the protocol, hostname, and port of the server with which it wants to communicate, formatted as "proto:host:port" (e.g., "xmpp:jabber.org:9999"). Although the syntax of the 'route' attribute bears a superficial resemblance to a URI or IRI, it is not a URI/IRI and MUST NOT be processed in accordance with the rules specified in RFC 3986, RFC 3987, or draft-saintandre-xmpp-iri. A connection manager that is configured to work only with a single XMPP server (or only with a defined list of XMPP domains and their respective hosts and ports) MAY ignore the 'route' attribute. (Note that the 'to' attribute specifies the XMPP domain, not the host machine.)

A client MAY include a 'secure' attribute to specify that communications between the connection manager and the XMPP server must be "secure". (Note: The 'secure' attribute is of type xs:boolean (see &w3xmlschema2;) and the default value is "false". &BOOLEANNOTE;) If a connection manager receives a session request with the 'secure' attribute set to 'true' or '1', then it MUST respond to the client with a remote-connection-failed error as soon as it determines that it cannot communicate in a secure way with the XMPP server. A connection manager SHOULD consider communications with the XMPP server to be "secure" if they are encrypted using SSL or TLS with verified certificates, or if it is running on the same physical machine as the XMPP server. A connection manager MAY consider communications over a "private" network to be secure, even without SSL or TLS; however, a network SHOULD be considered "private" only if the administrator of the connection manager is sure that unknown individuals or processes do not have access to the network (i.e., individuals or processes who do not have access to either the connection manager or the XMPP server). The connection manager SHOULD try to establish a secure connection with the XMPP server even if the client does not specifically require it.

Some clients are constrained to only accept HTTP responses with specific Content-Types (e.g., "text/html"). The <body/> element of the first request MAY possess a 'content' attribute. This specifies the value of the HTTP Content-Type header that MUST appear in all the connection manager's responses during the session. If the client request does not possess a 'content' attribute, then the HTTP Content-Type of responses MUST be "text/xml; charset=utf-8".

Note: The HTTP Content-Type of client requests SHOULD also be "text/xml; charset=utf-8". Clients MAY specify another value if they are constrained to do so (e.g., "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" or "text/plain"). The client and connection manager SHOULD ignore all HTTP Content-Type headers they receive.

Note: Unlike the protocol defined in XEP-0025, an opening <stream:stream> tag is not sent. The protocol defined herein abstracts from XML streams between the connection manager and the client. Any XML streams between the connection manager and an XMPP server are the responsibility of the connection manager.

Note: All requests after the first one MUST include a valid 'sid' attribute (provided by the connection manager in the session creation response below). The initialization request is unique in that the <body/> element MUST NOT possess a 'sid' attribute.

After receiving a new session request, the connection manager MUST generate an opaque, unpredictable session identifier (or SID). The SID MUST be unique within the context of the connection manager application. The connection manager then returns that SID to the client in a response <body/> element.

The connection manager MUST specify a 'wait' attribute. This is the longest time (in seconds) that it will wait before responding to any request during the session. The time MUST be less than or equal to the value specified in the session request.

The connection manager MAY limit the number of simultaneous requests the client makes with the 'requests' attribute. The RECOMMENDED value is "2". Servers that only support polling behavior MUST prevent clients from making simultaneous requests by setting the 'requests' attribute to a value of "1" (however, polling is NOT RECOMMENDED). In any case, clients MUST NOT make more simultaneous requests than specified by the connection manager.

The connection manager SHOULD include two additional attributes in the session creation response element, specifying the shortest allowable polling interval and the longest allowable inactivity period (both in seconds). Communication of these parameters enables the client to engage in appropriate behavior (e.g., not sending empty request elements more often than desired, and ensuring that the periods with no requests pending are never too long).

The connection manager MAY include an 'accept' attribute in the session creation response element, to specify the content encodings it can decompress. After receiving a session creation response with an 'accept' attribute, clients MAY include an HTTP Content-Encoding header in subsequent requests (indicating one of the encodings specified in the 'accept' attribute) and compress the bodies of the requests accordingly.

For both requests and responses, the <body/> element and its content SHOULD be UTF-8 encoded. If the HTTP Content-Type header of a request/response specifies a character encoding other than UTF-8, then the connection manager MAY convert between UTF-8 and the other character encoding. However, even in this case, it is OPTIONAL for the connection manager to convert between encodings. The connection manager MAY inform the client which encodings it can convert by setting the optional 'charsets' attribute in the session creation response element to a space-separated list of encodings. Each character set name (or character encoding name -- we use the terms interchangeably) SHOULD be of type NMTOKEN, where the names are separated by the white space character #x20, resulting in a tokenized attribute type of NMTOKENS (see Section 3.3.1 of &w3xml;). Strictly speaking, the Character Sets registry maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (see <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>) allows a character set name to contain any printable US-ASCII character, which might include characters not allowed by the NMTOKEN construction of XML 1.0; however, the only existing character set name which includes such a character is "NF_Z_62-010_(1973)".

Note: The 'authid' attribute contains the value of the XMPP stream ID generated by the XMPP server. The connection manager MUST retrieve the stream ID and pass it unmodified to the client. This value is needed by the client to successfully complete digest authentication using &xep0078; (see the jabber:iq:auth section below).

Note: If the 'authid' attribute is not included in the connection manager's response to the session creation request (e.g., because the connection manager has not yet received a stream ID from the XMPP server), then the client SHOULD send empty request elements (see the "Requesting XML Stanzas" example below) until it receives a response with an 'authid' attribute. In any case, the connection manager MUST return the 'authid' in a response to the client as soon as possible after it receives the stream ID from the XMPP server.

Separate 'sid' and 'authid' attributes are required because the connection manager is not necessarily part of a single XMPP server (e.g., it may handle HTTP connections on behalf of multiple XMPP servers).

If it established a secure connection to the XMPP server (as defined in Initiating an HTTP Session), then the connection manager SHOULD include the 'secure' attribute set to 'true' or '1' in the response to the client that contains the 'authid' attribute.

As an immediate child of the response that contains the 'authid' attribute, the connection manager SHOULD include a stream features element, as defined by RFC 3920.

The stream features SHOULD NOT include a feature for Transport Layer Security (TLS), since channel encryption SHOULD be negotiated at the HTTP layer (see the Security Considerations section below).

A success case for authentication, resource binding, and IM session establishment using the XMPP protocols is shown below. For detailed specification of these protocols (including error cases) and for specification of TLS negotiation, refer to RFC 3920 and RFC 3921.

Note: Because the context for a client's communication with a connection manager in the HTTP transport binding is HTTP rather than XML streams (as in the TCP binding), there is no need to re-start communications (e.g., by generating a new SID) at this point.

A success case for simultaneous authentication, resource binding, and IM session creation using the original "jabber:iq:auth" protocol is shown below. For further details regarding use of this protocol, refer to XEP-0078. If digest authentication is used, then the stream ID value used to compute the hashed password MUST be the value of the 'authid' attribute provided by the connection manager in the response to the initialization element or in a subsequent response (see the Session Creation section above).

The client MUST generate a large, random, positive integer for the initial 'rid' (see Security Considerations) and then increment that value by one for each subsequent request. The client MUST take care to choose an initial 'rid' that will never be incremented above 9007199254740991 9007199254740991 is 253-1. Some weakly typed languages use IEEE Standard 754 Doubles to represent all numbers. These Doubles cannot represent integers above 253 accurately. within the session. In practice, a session would have to be extraordinarily long (or involve the exchange of an extraordinary number of packets) to exceed the defined limit.

When a client makes simultaneous requests, the connection manager may receive them out of order. The connection manager MUST forward the stanzas to the XMPP server and respond to the client requests in the order specified by the 'rid' attributes. The client MUST process responses received from the connection manager in the order the requests were made.

The connection manager SHOULD expect the 'rid' attribute to be within a window of values greater than the 'rid' of the previous request. The size of the window is equal to the maximum number of simultaneous requests allowed by the connection manager. If it receives a request with a 'rid' greater than the values in the window, then the connection manager MUST terminate the session with an error:

Unreliable network communications or client constraints can result in broken connections. The connection manager SHOULD remember the 'rid' and the associated HTTP response body of the client's most recent requests which did not result in an HTTP or binding error. The number of responses kept in the buffer should be the same as the maximum number of simultaneous requests allowed by the connection manager.

If the network connection is broken or closed before the client receives a response to a request from the connection manager, then the client MAY resend an exact copy of the original request. Whenever the connection manager receives a request with a 'rid' that it has already received, it SHOULD return an HTTP 200 (OK) response that includes the buffered copy of the original XML response to the client (i.e., a <body/> wrapper element possessing appropriate attributes and optionally containing one or more XML stanzas or other allowable XML elements). If the original response is not available (e.g., it is no longer in the buffer), then the connection manager MUST return an HTTP 404 (Not Found) error:

Note: The error is the same whether the 'rid' is too large or too small. This makes it more difficult for an attacker to discover an acceptable value.

The OPTIONAL key sequencing mechanism described here MAY be used if the client's session with the connection manager is not secure. The session should be considered secure only if all client requests are made via SSL (or TLS) HTTP connections and the connection manager generates an unpredictable session ID. If the session is secure, it is not necessary to use this key sequencing mechanism.

Even if the session is not secure, the unpredictable session and request IDs specified in the preceding sections of this document already provide a level of protection similar to that provided by a standard XMPP connection bound to a single pair of persistent TCP/IP connections, and thus provide sufficient protection against a 'blind' attacker. However, in some circumstances, the key sequencing mechanism defined below helps to protect against a more determined and knowledgeable attacker.

It is important to recognize that the key sequencing mechanism defined below helps to protect only against an attacker who is able to view the contents of all requests or responses in an insecure session but who is not able to alter the contents of those requests (in this case, the mechanism prevents the attacker from interjecting HTTP requests into the session, e.g., termination requests or responses). However, the key sequencing mechanism does not provide any protection when the attacker is able to alter the contents of insecure requests or responses.

The HTTP requests of each session MAY be spread across a series of different socket connections. This would enable an unauthorized user that obtains the session ID and request ID of a session and then use their own socket connection to interject <body/> request elements into the session and receive the corresponding responses.

The key sequencing mechanism below protects against such attacks by enabling a connection manager to detect <body/> request elements interjected by a third party.

Prior to requesting a new session, the client MUST select an unpredictable counter ("n") and an unpredictable value ("seed"). The client then processes the "seed" through a cryptographic hash and converts the resulting 160 bits to a hexadecimal string K(1). It does this "n" times to arrive at the initial key K(n). The hashing algorithm MUST be SHA-1 as defined in &rfc3174;.

The client MUST set the 'newkey' attribute of the first request in the session to the value K(n).

The client MUST set the 'key' attribute of all subsequent requests to the value of the next key in the generated sequence (decrementing from K(n-1) towards K(1) with each request sent).

The connection manager MAY verify the key by calculating the SHA-1 hash of the key and comparing it to the 'newkey' attribute of the previous request (or the 'key' attribute if the 'newkey' attribute was not set). If the values do not match (or if it receives a request without a 'key' attribute and the 'newkey' or 'key' attribute of the previous request was set), then the connection manager MUST NOT process the element, MUST terminate the session, and MUST return an HTTP 404 (Not Found) error.

A client SHOULD choose a high value for "n" when generating the key sequence. However, if the session lasts long enough that the client arrives at the last key in the sequence K(1) then the client MUST switch to a new key sequence.

The client MUST:

1. Choose new values for "seed" and "n".
2. Generate a new key sequence using the algorithm defined above.
3. Set the 'key' attribute of the request to the next value in the old sequence (i.e. K(1), the last value).
4. Set the 'newkey' attribute of the request to the value K(n) from the new sequence.

The OPTIONAL feature described in this section enables multiple XMPP streams to be contained within a single HTTP session. This feature is essential in runtime environments that constrain the number of simultaneous HTTP requests a client may make to each connection manager, since clients running in such environments need multi-stream sessions if they are to connect using more than one account at the same time. This feature also reduces network traffic for any client that needs to establish parallel streams over HTTP.

If a connection manager supports the multi-streams feature, it MUST include a 'stream' attribute in its session creation response. If a client does not receive the 'stream' attribute then it MUST assume that the connection manager does not support the feature. Therefore a client and a connection manager will be compatible even if one or the other offers no support for multi-stream sessions.

The 'stream' attribute identifies the first stream to be opened for the session. The value of each 'stream' attribute MUST be an opaque and unpredictable name that is unique within the context of the connection manager application.

If the connection manager included a 'stream' attribute in its session creation response then the client MAY ask it to open another stream at any time by sending it an empty <body/> element with a 'to' attribute. The request MUST include valid 'sid' and 'rid' The 'rid' attribute is always incremented normally without reference to any 'stream' attribute. attributes, it SHOULD also include an 'xml:lang' attribute. The request MAY include 'route' and 'secure' attributes (see Requesting a Session above), but it SHOULD NOT include 'content', 'hold' or 'wait' attributes.

If the connection manager did not indicate its support for multiple streams at the start of the session then it MUST ignore the extra attributes and treat the request as a normal empty request for stanzas (see Sending and Receiving XML Stanzas above). This helps to ensure backwards-compatibility with older implementations. Otherwise it MUST open a new stream with the specified server (see Session Creation above), generate a new stream name and respond to the client with the name. The response MAY also include 'authid' and 'secure' attributes, but it SHOULD NOT include 'sid', 'requests', 'polling', 'inactivity', 'accept', 'charsets' or 'wait' attributes.

Note: If the response did not include an 'authid' then the attribute (and any associated 'secure' attribute) MUST be sent in a subsequent response instead (see Session Creation above). In that case the 'stream' attribute MUST also be specified.

If more than one stream has been opened within a session, then all non-empty <body/> elements sent by the connection manager MUST include a 'stream' attribute that specifies which stream all the stanzas it contains belong to. The client SHOULD include a 'stream' attribute for the same purpose. The client MAY omit the 'stream' attribute if it wants the connection manager to broadcast the stanzas over all open streams. Note: A <body/> element MUST NOT contain different stanzas for different streams.

If a stream name does not correspond to one of the session's open streams, then the receiving connection manager SHOULD return an HTTP 404 (Not Found) error, or the receiving client SHOULD terminate the session. However, if the receiving entity has only just closed the stream (and the sender may not have been aware of that when it sent the stanzas), then it MAY instead simply silently ignore any stanzas the <body/> element contains.

Note: Empty <body/> elements that do not include an 'authid' attribute SHOULD NOT include a 'stream' attribute (since nothing is being transmitted for any stream). If such a <body/> element does include a 'stream' attribute then the receiving entity SHOULD ignore the attribute.

Note: The value of the 'stream' attribute of the response MAY be different to the corresponding request. Each HTTP response MUST belong to the same session as the request that triggered it, but not necessarily to the same stream.

If no stream name is specified by the connection manager then the client MUST assume the stanzas are associated with the first stream (even if the first stream has been closed - see the 404 error above).

If no stream name is specified by the client then the connection manager MUST broadcast the stanzas over all open streams. The broadcast stanzas may be of any type.

If more than one stream is open within a session, the client MAY close one open stream at any time using the procedure described in the section Terminating the HTTP Session above, taking care to specify the stream name with a 'stream' attribute. If the client closes the last stream the connection manager MUST terminate the session. If the client does not specify a stream name then the connection manager MUST close all open streams (sending any stanzas the terminate request contains to all streams), and terminate the session.

If more than one stream is open within a session, the connection manager MAY include a 'stream' attribute in a fatal binding error (see Terminal Binding Conditions below). If a 'stream' attribute is specified then the stream MUST be closed by both entities but the session SHOULD NOT be terminated.

Note: If the connection manager does not include a 'stream' attribute in a fatal binding error then all the session's open streams MUST be closed by both entities and the session MUST be terminated.

The following HTTP error and status codes are used in particular ways by this protocol (other HTTP error and status codes may be used as appropriate). Upon receiving an HTTP error (400, 403, 404), the HTTP client MUST consider the HTTP session to be null and void.

Note: These are pure HTTP codes as defined in the HTTP specification, and are not to be confused with the HTTP-style error codes traditionally used in Jabber protocols and documented in &xep0086;.

In any response it sends to the client, the connection manager MAY return a fatal error by setting a 'type' attribute of the <body/> element to "terminate". These binding errors imply that the HTTP session is terminated (unless a 'stream' attribute is specified - see Multiple Stream Error Conditions above). (Note: Many of these conditions correspond to the relevant XMPP stream error conditions specified in RFC 3920, but actual XMPP stream error conditions experienced between the connection manager and the server are contained only in the "remote-stream-error" condition as described below.)

The following values of the 'condition' attribute are defined:

The following is an example of a "see-other-uri" condition:

The following is an example of a "remote-stream-error" condition:

Naturally, the client MAY report binding errors to the connection manager as well, although this is unlikely.

In any response it sends to the client, the connection manager MAY return a recoverable error by setting a 'type' attribute of the <body/> element to "error". These errors do not imply that the HTTP session is terminated.

If it decides to recover from the error, then the client MUST repeat the HTTP request and all the preceding HTTP requests that have not received responses. The content of these requests MUST be identical to the &BODY; elements of the original requests. This allows the connection manager to recover a session after the previous request was lost due to a communication failure.

Application-level error conditions will normally be generated by a third entity (e.g., an IM contact) and routed to the client through the connection manager; therefore they are out of scope for the transport binding defined herein and are described in the appropriate RFC or XEP.

However, it is possible that a connection manager will receive a stanza for delivery to a client even though the client connection is no longer active (e.g., before the connection manager is able to inform a server that the connection has died). In this case, the connection manager would return an error to the server; it is RECOMMENDED that the connection manager proceed as follows, since the situation is similar to that addressed by point #2 of Section 11.1 of RFC 3921:

1. If the delivered stanza was &PRESENCE;, silently drop the stanza and do not return an error to the sender.
2. If the delivered stanza was &IQ;, return a &unavailable; error to the sender.
3. If the delivered stanza was &MESSAGE;, return a &recipient; error to the sender.

When a server receives a &MESSAGE; stanza of type "error" containing a &recipient; condition from a connection manager, it SHOULD store the message for later delivery if offline storage is enabled, otherwise route the error stanza to the sender.

The ®ISTRAR; includes 'http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' in its registry of protocol namespaces.