As MUCs are generally self-contained entities with a single address, federating them requires the introduction of some new terminology:

• FMUC set - the union of all MUC rooms that federate together
• FMUC node - a single MUC room that is a member of an FMUC set (abbreviated to "node")
• FMUC room - a room represented by an FMUC set
• Primary-Primary mode - two FMUC nodes operating such that both will continue to work when a network fails between them. This mode has the properties of reduced network traffic and of not having a guarantee of consistent message ordering between nodes
• Primary-Replica mode - two FMUC nodes operating where one, the primary, will continue working during a network outage while the replica will cease to work while it cannot communicate with the primary. This mode has increased network traffic and a consistent message delivery order across both nodes.
• Joining FMUC node - a node that initiates an FMUC connection to another node (abbreviated to "joining node").
• Joined FMUC node - a node that accepts an FMUC connection from another node (abbreviated to "joined node"). Note that when nodes are connected in a tree-like structure a node in one of the middle layers will be both a joining node in the context of its connection to the room above it and also a joined node in the context of those nodes below that join to it.

For illustration: if room1@rooms.server1.lit and room2@rooms.server2.lit federate with each other, then room1@rooms.server1.lit is an FMUC node, as is room2@rooms.server2.lit. Both nodes are in the FMUC set (along with any other node rooms that mutually federate) while the conceptual single room created by joining the FMUC set together is the FMUC room (and this FMUC room does not have a single definitive identifier).

Here hamlet@denmark.lit is going to join the (currently empty) elsinor@talk.denmark.lit room. This room is configured as an FMUC node, federating with the rabbithole@rooms.wonderland.lit node, which current has one occupant - alice@wonderland.lit. The method of configuration that elsinor should federate with rabbithole is considered out of scope for this document - it is suggested that it be including in the standard MUC room configuration form. Note that this configuration only needs to be one way (that is: there is no protocol reason why rabbithole needs to know that elsinor will be federating with it in advance) - this allows for the ad-hoc addition of additional nodes to the FMUC room.

First hamlet@denmark.lit issues a normal MUC join request to elsinor@talk.denmark.lit

Elsinor then attempts to join with the FMUC node rabbithole@rooms.wonderland.lit.

Now rabbithole may reject the join, if elsinor is not permitted to federate. To do this it sends a 'presence' reply from its bare JID to the bare JID of the joining node with an 'fmuc' payload containing a 'reject' element and MAY include a human-readable explanation as the text content of the 'reject' element.

Or it may accept the federation request and reply with the list of current occupants and message context in the same order as specified in XEP-0045. Note that the fmuc element is always added containing the JID of the user (possibly passed down from other FMUC nodes, or indeed from the joining node for the presence of the user used for the initial join), while the XEP-0045 rules apply for whether to include the jid in the muc#user element.

As part of the initial join of one node to another, the node being joined will send the current topic to the node doing the joining. The node receiving this (the joining node) SHOULD replace its own subject with the received one.

The joining node may add an element to the initial presence to the node being joined limiting the amount of history to be sent in the normal manner, as in XEP-0045.

Upon receiving the occupants, history and subject from the other node the joining FMUC node will process these in the normal way, treating the received presence as joins, adding the history to the room's history (re-ordering by delay?) and changing the subject. The joining FMUC node MUST NOT send the traffic generated by these data back to the joined room, but only deliver them to local participants (and in the case of chained FMUC nodes, any nodes joined to it). It also MUST NOT pass the fmuc payloads through to local clients.

Then hamlet@denmark.lit sends a message to the FMUC room, which is sent from the elsinor node to the rabbithole node and then broadcast to the local occupants of each room according to the standard XEP-0045 rules (rabbithole distributes to alice, elsinor distributes to hamlet). This example is for primary-primary mode, so rabbithole does not echo the message back to elsinore and elsinore does not need to wait for receipt of this stanza from rabbithole before distributing the stanza locally.

alice@wonderland.lit then replies to this message, causing a similar distribution.

Another user joining or parting a room will be "fanned-out" in much the same way - the node to which they're joined will send out their presence to all the locally joined users and to the other FMUC nodes to which it's connected, and those nodes will then do the same - noting that in primary-primary mode they won't distribute the stanza back to the node from which they received it.

When a user leaves a room the presence is distributed in the same way.

When the last user on a joining FMUC node leaves the room the joining node has no more users in the joined node and the joining node will be considered to have left the FMUC set. Further activity in the FMUC set not be sent to the joining node (unless it subsequently rejoins the set).

The joined room confirms that the joining room has left the set by sending a presence stanza from the bare JID of the joined room to the bare JID of the joining room with an FMUC payload containing an element 'left'.

When an FMUC node receives notice that one of their users has been kicked by a moderator on another node it SHOULD kick the user and fan-out the consequent presence stanzas to other nodes.

Role change should be distributed across nodes and fanned out to users, but only cosmetically (e.g. an owner on another node cannot effect changes to the affiliation lists on this node).

When sending a private message to an occupant of another node, each node that receives it is responsible for routing it to the appropriate node (or the occupant, if local).