<abstract>This document defines an XMPP protocol extension for broadcasting and discovering client, device, or generic entity capabilities in a way that minimizes network impact.</abstract>
<remark><p>Added developer-friendly introduction; specified that ext names must be stable across application versions; further clarified examples; added stream feature use case.</p></remark>
<remark><p>Added several items to the Security Considerations; clarified naming requirements regarding 'node', 'ver', and 'ext' attributes.</p></remark>
<remark><p>Specified that the protocol can be used whenever presence is used (e.g., by gateways); improved the XML schema; made several editorial adjustments.</p></remark>
<p>It is often desirable for a Jabber/XMPP application (commonly but not necessarily a client) to take different actions depending on the capabilities of another application from which it receives presence information. Examples include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Showing a different set of icons depending on the capabilities of other clients.</li>
<li>Not sending &xep0071; content to plaintext clients such as cell phones.</li>
<li>Allowing the initiation of Voice over IP (VoIP) sessions only to clients that support VoIP.</li>
<li>Not showing a "Send a File" button if another user's client does not support &xep0096;.</li>
</ul>
<p>Some older Jabber clients send one &xep0030; and one &xep0092; request to each entity from which they received presence after login. That "disco+version flood" results in an excessive use of bandwidth and is impractical on a larger scale, particularly for users or applications with large rosters. Therefore this document proposes a more robust and scalable solution: namely, a presence-based mechanism <note>This proposal is not limited to clients, and can be used by any entity that exchanges presence with another entity, e.g., a gateway. However, this document uses the example of clients throughout.</note> for exchanging information about entity capabilities. Clients SHOULD NOT engage in the older "disco+version flood" behavior and instead SHOULD use Entity Capabilities as specified herein.</p>
</section2>
<section2topic='How It Works'anchor='intro-how'>
<p>This section provides a friendly, non-normative introduction to the workings of entity capabilities.</p>
<p>Suppose you are a Shakespearean character named Juliet and one of your contacts, a handsome fellow named Romeo, becomes available. His client wants to publish its capabilities, and does this by adding a <c/> element to its presence packets. As a result, your client receives the following presence packet:</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='romeo@montague.net/home'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps'
ver='0.9' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>The 'node' attribute represents the client Romeo is using, and the 'ver' attribute represents the specific version of this client. At this point, your client has no idea what the capabilities are of someone with a client string 'http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps' and a version string '0.9'. Your client therefore sends a query to Romeo, asking what his client version can do (using service discovery):</p>
<p>At this point, your client knows that anyone using the client string 'http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps' and the version string '0.9' has a client that can do MUC. Your client remembers this information, such that it does not need to explicitly query the capabilities of a contact with the exact same client and version string. For example, Benvolio may send you the following presence:</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='benvolio@capulet.com/230193'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps'
ver='0.9' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>Now your client automatically knows that Benvolio can do MUC, without needing to ask him explicitly via service discovery.</p>
<p>On the other hand, for a person with the following presence ...</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='bob@initech.com/Home'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps'
ver='0.10' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>... or the following presence ...</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='bard@shakespeare.lit/globe'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://psi-im.org/caps'
ver='0.9' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>... you have no information about what this contact's client is capable of (as he is using a different client/version), and you therefore need to query his capabilities explicitly again.</p>
<p>So that is how the 'node' and 'ver' attributes work. But most clients also allow certain features to be turned on or off at run time. For example, clients can allow users to turn off the exchange of chat states (for privacy reasons). For such a client, this means that it cannot just advertise its capabilities as was done before, since this capabilitiy depends on whether or not the user has turned the option on or off (and capabilities for the same client/version are assumed to be identical for all contacts). Such capabilities are advertised using "extensions". For example:</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='benvolio@capulet.com/230193'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps'
ver='0.9'
ext='csn' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>In this case, Benvolio is using an extension that his client calls 'csn'. Again, your client has no clue what 'csn' means, as it is a name arbitrarily chosen by Benvolio's client. It therefore queries Benvolio's client to find out what a client 'http://exodus.jabberstudio.org/caps' means when it says it supports 'csn'.</p>
<p>Now, your client knows that Benvolio's client (and anyone using the same client node as Benvolio and extension 'csn') supports chat state notifications. On the other hand, suppose Bill logs on:</p>
<code><![CDATA[
<presencefrom='bard@shakespeare.lit/globe'>
<cxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
node='http://psi-im.org/caps'
ver='0.9'
ext='csn' />
</presence>
]]></code>
<p>Although you know that 'csn' meant "chat state notifications" for Benvolio (and for everyone using the same client as Benvolio), you do not know what this means for Bill, because he is using a different client. So you query his client:</p>
<p>... reveals that this client uses 'csn' to denote the capability of "stanza session negotiation" (formerly known as "chat session negotiation").</p>
<li>The type of client I am using is of interest to the people on my roster.</li>
<li>Clients for the people on my roster might want to make user interface decisions based on my capabilities.</li>
<li>Different instances of the same client (including version) have the same base capabilities.</li>
<li>Some clients will have bundles of functionality that can be enabled and disabled.</li>
<li>One instance of a given client may not know about all of the possible bundles of functionality that can be enabled and disabled (for example, plugins written to a client SDK).</li>
<li>Members of a community tend to cluster around a small set of clients. More specifically, multiple people in my roster use the same client, and they upgrade versions relatively slowly (commonly a few times a year, perhaps once a week at most, certainly not once a minute).</li>
<li>Some clients are running against servers without server-to-server connectivity enabled, and without access to the Internet via HTTP.</li>
<li>Conversations are possible between users who are not on each other's roster.</li>
<li>Client capabilities may change over the course of a session, due to features being enabled and disabled.</li>
</ul>
</section1>
<section1topic='Requirements'anchor='reqs'>
<p>The protocol defined herein addresses the following requirements:</p>
<li>Clients MUST be able to participate even if they are on networks without connectivity to other XMPP servers, services offering specialized XMPP extensions, or HTTP servers.<note>These first two requirements effectively eliminated &xep0060; as a possible implementation of entity capabilities.</note></li>
<li>It MUST be possible to publish a change in capabilities within a single session.</li>
<li>Server infrastructure above and beyond that defined in <cite>XMPP Core</cite> and <cite>XMPP IM</cite> MUST NOT be required for this approach to work, although additional server infrastructure MAY be used for optimization purposes.</li>
<p>Each time a conformant client sends presence, it annotates that presence with an element that specifies the client type, the version of that client, and which feature bundles (if any) are currently enabled. Unless the server optimizations shown later are being used, the client MUST send this with every presence change (except for unavailable presence) to enable existing servers to remember the last presence for use in responding to probes. The client MUST send the <strong>'node'</strong> and <strong>'ver'</strong> attributes.</p>
<p>In addition, the client MAY send an <strong>'ext'</strong> attribute (short for "extensions") if it has one or more feature bundles to advertise. A feature bundle is any non-standard addition or extension to the core application, such as a client plugin. If more than one feature bundle is advertised, the value of the <strong>'ext'</strong> attribute MUST be a space-separated list of bundle names.
<note>Each extension name MUST be of type NMTOKEN, where multiple extension names are separated by the white space character #x20, resulting in a tokenized attribute type of NMTOKENS (see Section 3.3.1 of &w3xml;).</note>
The client MUST NOT send an <strong>'ext'</strong> attribute if there are no interesting non-core features enabled. The names of the feature bundles MUST NOT be used for semantic purposes: they are merely opaque identifiers that will be used in other use cases. However, a client MUST ensure that the same 'ext' value refers to the same feature bundle across client versions (i.e., different values of the 'ver' attribute). If bundles are added or substracted during an entity's session (e.g., a user plugs in a video camera), the entity SHOULD update the value of the 'ext' attribute to reflect the changed capabilities and send a new presence broadcast. If a feature bundle itself changes in any way (e.g., a user installs an updated version of a client plugin), the application MUST change the bundle name and SHOULD send a new presence broadcast.</p>
<p>Note: The values of the <strong>'node'</strong>, <strong>'ver'</strong>, and <strong>'ext'</strong> attributes MUST NOT contain the '#' character, since that character is used as a separator in the <linkurl="#discover">Discovering Capabilities</link> use case.</p>
<p>Once someone on my roster knows what client I am using, they need to be able to figure out what features are supported by that client. In the deprecated "disco flood" approach, this has been done by sending one "disco#info" request to each entity in a user's roster. Entity capabilities makes that unnecessary through the use of annotated presence. In particular, a client that receives the annotated presence sends a <strong>disco#info</strong> request (as defined in <strong>XEP-0030: Service Discovery</strong>) to <em>exactly</em> one of the users that sent a particular combination of <strong>node</strong> and <strong>ver</strong>. If the requestor has received the same annotation from multiple JIDs, the requestor SHOULD pick a random JID from that list to which the requestor will send the <strong>disco#info</strong> request.</p>
<p>The <strong>disco#info</strong> request is sent to a JID + node combination that consists of the chosen <strong><user@host/resource></strong> JID and a service discovery <strong>node</strong> that is constructed as follows: concatenate (1) the value of the caps <strong>'node'</strong> attribute, (2) the "#" character, and (3) the version number specified in the caps <strong>'ver'</strong> attribute.</p>
<examplecaption='Disco#info request for client#version'><