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Dan Fandrich ec2ad57c32 Mention GnuTLS and fix a few spelling errors.
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Updated: April 13, 2005 (http://curl.haxx.se/docs/faq.html)
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FAQ
1. Philosophy
1.1 What is cURL?
1.2 What is libcurl?
1.3 What is curl not?
1.4 When will you make curl do XXXX ?
1.5 Who makes curl?
1.6 What do you get for making curl?
1.7 What about CURL from curl.com?
1.8 I have a problem who do I mail?
2. Install Related Problems
2.1 configure doesn't find OpenSSL even when it is installed
2.1.1 native linker doesn't find OpenSSL
2.1.2 only the libssl lib is missing
2.2 Does curl work/build with other SSL libraries?
2.3 Where can I find a copy of LIBEAY32.DLL?
2.4 Does curl support Socks (RFC 1928) ?
3. Usage Problems
3.1 curl: (1) SSL is disabled, https: not supported
3.2 How do I tell curl to resume a transfer?
3.3 Why doesn't my posting using -F work?
3.4 How do I tell curl to run custom FTP commands?
3.5 How can I disable the Pragma: nocache header?
3.6 Does curl support ASP, XML, XHTML or HTML version Y?
3.7 Can I use curl to delete/rename a file through FTP?
3.8 How do I tell curl to follow HTTP redirects?
3.9 How do I use curl in my favorite programming language?
3.10 What about SOAP, WebDAV, XML-RPC or similar protocols over HTTP?
3.11 How do I POST with a different Content-Type?
3.12 Why do FTP specific features over HTTP proxy fail?
3.13 Why does my single/double quotes fail?
3.14 Does curl support javascript or pac (automated proxy config)?
3.15 Can I do recursive fetches with curl?
3.16 What certificates do I need when I use SSL?
3.17 How do I list the root dir of an FTP server?
3.18 Can I use curl to send a POST/PUT and not wait for a response?
4. Running Problems
4.1 Problems connecting to SSL servers.
4.2 Why do I get problems when I use & or % in the URL?
4.3 How can I use {, }, [ or ] to specify multiple URLs?
4.4 Why do I get downloaded data even though the web page doesn't exist?
4.5 Why do I get return code XXX from a HTTP server?
4.5.1 "400 Bad Request"
4.5.2 "401 Unauthorized"
4.5.3 "403 Forbidden"
4.5.4 "404 Not Found"
4.5.5 "405 Method Not Allowed"
4.5.6 "301 Moved Permanently"
4.6 Can you tell me what error code 142 means?
4.7 How do I keep user names and passwords secret in Curl command lines?
4.8 I found a bug!
4.9 Curl can't authenticate to the server that requires NTLM?
4.10 My HTTP request using HEAD, PUT or DELETE doesn't work!
4.11 Why does my HTTP range requests return the full document?
4.12 Why do I get "certificate verify failed" ?
5. libcurl Issues
5.1 Is libcurl thread-safe?
5.2 How can I receive all data into a large memory chunk?
5.3 How do I fetch multiple files with libcurl?
5.4 Does libcurl do Winsock initing on win32 systems?
5.5 Does CURLOPT_WRITEDATA and CURLOPT_READDATA work on win32 ?
5.6 What about Keep-Alive or persistent connections?
5.7 Link errors when building libcurl on Windows!
5.8 libcurl.so.3: open failed: No such file or directory
5.9 How does libcurl resolve host names?
5.10 How do I prevent libcurl from writing the response to stdout?
5.11 How do I make libcurl not receive the whole HTTP response?
5.12 Can I make libcurl fake or hide my real IP address?
6. License Issues
6.1 I have a GPL program, can I use the libcurl library?
6.2 I have a closed-source program, can I use the libcurl library?
6.3 I have a BSD licensed program, can I use the libcurl library?
6.4 I have a program that uses LGPL libraries, can I use libcurl?
6.5 Can I modify curl/libcurl for my program and keep the changes secret?
6.6 Can you please change the curl/libcurl license to XXXX?
7. PHP/CURL Issues
7.1 What is PHP/CURL?
7.2 Who write PHP/CURL?
7.3 Can I perform multiple requests using the same handle?
==============================================================================
1. Philosophy
1.1 What is cURL?
cURL is the name of the project. The name is a play on 'Client for URLs',
originally with URL spelled in uppercase to make it obvious it deals with
URLs. The fact it can also be pronounced 'see URL' also helped, it works as
an abbreviation for "Client URL Request Library" or why not the recursive
version: "Curl URL Request Library".
The cURL project produces two products:
libcurl
A free and easy-to-use client-side URL transfer library, supporting FTP,
FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, GOPHER, TELNET, DICT, FILE and LDAP. libcurl supports
HTTPS certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading, kerberos, HTTP
form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password authentication, file
transfer resume, http proxy tunneling and more!
libcurl is highly portable, it builds and works identically on numerous
platforms, including Solaris, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Darwin, HPUX,
IRIX, AIX, Tru64, Linux, UnixWare, HURD, Windows, Amiga, OS/2, BeOs, Mac
OS X, Ultrix, QNX, OpenVMS, RISC OS, Novell NetWare, DOS and more...
libcurl is free, thread-safe, IPv6 compatible, feature rich, well
supported and fast.
curl
A command line tool for getting or sending files using URL syntax.
Since curl uses libcurl, it supports a range of common Internet protocols,
currently including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, LDAP, DICT, TELNET and
FILE.
We pronounce curl and cURL with an initial k sound: [kurl].
NOTE: there are numerous sub-projects and related projects that also use the
word curl in the project names in various combinations, but you should take
notice that this FAQ is directed at the command-line tool named curl (and
libcurl the library), and may therefore not be valid for other curl-related
projects.
1.2 What is libcurl?
libcurl is a reliable and portable library which provides you with an easy
interface to a range of common Internet protocols.
You can use libcurl for free in your application, be it open source,
commercial or closed-source.
1.3 What is curl not?
Curl is *not* a wget clone. That is a common misconception. Never, during
curl's development, have we intended curl to replace wget or compete on its
market. Curl is targeted at single-shot file transfers.
Curl is not a web site mirroring program. If you want to use curl to mirror
something: fine, go ahead and write a script that wraps around curl to make
it reality (like curlmirror.pl does).
Curl is not an FTP site mirroring program. Sure, get and send FTP with curl
but if you want systematic and sequential behavior you should write a
script (or write a new program that interfaces libcurl) and do it.
Curl is not a PHP tool, even though it works perfectly well when used from
or with PHP (when using the PHP/CURL module).
Curl is not a single-OS program. Curl exists, compiles, builds and runs
under a wide range of operating systems, including all modern Unixes (and a
bunch of older ones too), Windows, Amiga, BeOS, OS/2, OS X, QNX etc.
1.4 When will you make curl do XXXX ?
We love suggestions of what to change in order to make curl and libcurl
better. We do however believe in a few rules when it comes to the future of
curl:
* Curl -- the command line tool -- is to remain a non-graphical command line
tool. If you want GUIs or fancy scripting capabilities, you should look
for another tool that uses libcurl.
* We do not add things to curl that other small and available tools already
do very fine at the side. Curl's output is fine to pipe into another
program or redirect to another file for the next program to interpret.
* We focus on protocol related issues and improvements. If you wanna do more
magic with the supported protocols than curl currently does, chances are
big we will agree. If you wanna add more protocols, we may very well
agree.
* If you want someone else to make all the work while you wait for us to
implement it for you, that is not a very friendly attitude. We spend a
considerable time already on maintaining and developing curl. In order to
get more out of us, you should consider trading in some of your time and
efforts in return.
* If you write the code, chances are bigger that it will get into curl
faster.
1.5 Who makes curl?
curl and libcurl are not made by any single individual. Sure, Daniel
Stenberg writes the major parts, but other persons' submissions are
important and crucial. Anyone can contribute and post their changes and
improvements and have them inserted in the main sources (of course on the
condition that developers agree on that the fixes are good).
The list of contributors in the docs/THANKS file is only a small part of all
the people that every day provide us with bug reports, suggestions, ideas
and source code.
curl is developed by a community, with Daniel at the wheel.
1.6 What do you get for making curl?
Project cURL is entirely free and open. No person gets paid for developing
(lib)curl. We do this voluntarily on our spare time.
We get some help from companies. Contactor Data hosts the curl web site,
Haxx owns the curl web site's domain and sourceforge.net hosts project
services we take advantage from, like the bug tracker. Also, some companies
have sponsored certain parts of the development in the past and I hope some
will continue to do so in the future.
If you want to support our project with a donation or similar, one way of
doing that would be to buy "gift certificates" at useful online shopping
sites, such as amazon.com or thinkgeek.com. Another way would be to sponsor
us through a banner-program or even better: by helping us coding,
documenting, testing etc. You're welcome to send us a buck using paypal, as
described here: http://curl.haxx.se/donation.html
1.7 What about CURL from curl.com?
During the summer 2001, curl.com was busy advertising their client-side
programming language for the web, named CURL.
We are in no way associated with curl.com or their CURL programming
language.
Our project name curl has been in effective use since 1998. We were not the
first computer related project to use the name "curl" and do not claim any
first-hand rights to the name.
We recognize that we will be living in parallel with curl.com and wish them
every success.
1.8 I have a problem who do I mail?
Please do not mail any single individual unless you really need to. Keep
curl-related questions on a suitable mailing list. All available mailing
lists are listed in the MANUAL document and online at
http://curl.haxx.se/mail/
Keeping curl-related questions and discussions on mailing lists allows
others to join in and help, to share their ideas, contribute their
suggestions and spread their wisdom. Keeping discussions on public mailing
lists also allows for others to learn from this (both current and future
users thanks to the web based archives of the mailing lists), thus saving us
from having to repeat ourselves even more. Thanks for respecting this.
2. Install Related Problems
2.1 configure doesn't find OpenSSL even when it is installed
This may be because of several reasons.
2.1.1 native linker doesn't find openssl
Affected platforms:
Solaris (native cc compiler)
HPUX (native cc compiler)
SGI IRIX (native cc compiler)
SCO UNIX (native cc compiler)
When configuring curl, I specify --with-ssl. OpenSSL is installed in
/usr/local/ssl Configure reports SSL in /usr/local/ssl, but fails to find
CRYPTO_lock in -lcrypto
Cause: The cc for this test places the -L/usr/local/ssl/lib AFTER
-lcrypto, so ld can't find the library. This is due to a bug in the GNU
autoconf tool.
Workaround: Specifying "LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/ssl/lib" in front of
./configure places the -L/usr/local/ssl/lib early enough in the command
line to make things work
Solution submitted by: Bob Allison <allisonb@users.sourceforge.net>
2.1.2 only the libssl lib is missing
If all include files and the libcrypto lib is present, with only the
libssl being missing according to configure, this is mostly likely because
a few functions are left out from the libssl.
If the function names missing include RSA or RSAREF you can be certain
that this is because libssl requires the RSA and RSAREF libs to build.
See the INSTALL file section that explains how to add those libs to
configure. Make sure that you remove the config.cache file before you
rerun configure with the new flags.
2.2 Does curl work/build with other SSL libraries?
Curl has been written to use OpenSSL or GnuTLS, although there should not be
many problems using a different library. If anyone does "port" curl to use a
different SSL library, we are of course very interested in getting the
patch!
2.3 Where can I find a copy of LIBEAY32.DLL?
That is an OpenSSL binary built for Windows.
Curl uses OpenSSL to do the SSL stuff. The LIBEAY32.DLL is what curl needs
on a windows machine to do https://. Check out the curl web site to find
accurate and up-to-date pointers to recent OpenSSL DLLs and other binary
packages.
2.4 Does curl support Socks (RFC 1928) ?
Yes, SOCKS5 is supported.
3. Usage problems
3.1 curl: (1) SSL is disabled, https: not supported
If you get this output when trying to get anything from a https:// server,
it means that the configure script couldn't find all libs and include files
it requires for SSL to work. If the configure script fails to find them,
curl is simply built without SSL support.
To get the https:// support into a curl that was previously built but that
reports that https:// is not supported, you should dig through the document
and logs and check out why the configure script doesn't find the SSL libs
and/or include files.
Also, check out the other paragraph in this FAQ labeled "configure doesn't
find OpenSSL even when it is installed".
3.2 How do I tell curl to resume a transfer?
Curl supports resumed transfers both ways on both FTP and HTTP.
Try the -C option.
3.3 Why doesn't my posting using -F work?
You can't simply use -F or -d at your choice. The web server that will
receive your post assumes one of the formats. If the form you're trying to
"fake" sets the type to 'multipart/form-data', then and only then you must
use the -F type. In all the most common cases, you should use -d which then
causes a posting with the type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.
This is described in some detail in the MANUAL and TheArtOfHttpScripting
documents, and if you don't understand it the first time, read it again
before you post questions about this to the mailing list. Also, try reading
through the mailing list archives for old postings and questions regarding
this.
3.4 How do I tell curl to run custom FTP commands?
You can tell curl to perform optional commands both before and/or after a
file transfer. Study the -Q/--quote option.
Since curl is used for file transfers, you don't use curl to just perform
FTP commands without transferring anything. Therefore you must always specify
a URL to transfer to/from even when doing custom FTP commands.
3.5 How can I disable the Pragma: nocache header?
You can change all internally generated headers by adding a replacement with
the -H/--header option. By adding a header with empty contents you safely
disable that one. Use -H "Pragma:" to disable that specific header.
3.6 Does curl support ASP, XML, XHTML or HTML version Y?
To curl, all contents are alike. It doesn't matter how the page was
generated. It may be ASP, PHP, Perl, shell-script, SSI or plain
HTML-files. There's no difference to curl and it doesn't even know what kind
of language that generated the page.
See also item 3.14 regarding javascript.
3.7 Can I use curl to delete/rename a file through FTP?
Yes. You specify custom FTP commands with -Q/--quote.
One example would be to delete a file after you have downloaded it:
curl -O ftp://download.com/coolfile -Q '-DELE coolfile'
3.8 How do I tell curl to follow HTTP redirects?
Curl does not follow so-called redirects by default. The Location: header
that informs the client about this is only interpreted if you're using the
-L/--location option. As in:
curl -L http://redirector.com
3.9 How do I use curl in my favorite programming language?
There exist many language interfaces/bindings for curl that integrates it
better with various languages. If you are fluid in a script language, you
may very well opt to use such an interface instead of using the command line
tool.
Find out more about which languages that support curl directly, and how to
install and use them, in the libcurl section of the curl web site:
http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/
In February 2003, there are interfaces available for the following
languages: Basic, C, C++, Cocoa, Dylan, Euphoria, Java, Lua, Object-Pascal,
Pascal, Perl, PHP, PostgreSQL, Python, Rexx, Ruby, Scheme and Tcl. By the
time you read this, additional ones may have appeared!
3.10 What about SOAP, WebDAV, XML-RPC or similar protocols over HTTP?
Curl adheres to the HTTP spec, which basically means you can play with *any*
protocol that is built on top of HTTP. Protocols such as SOAP, WEBDAV and
XML-RPC are all such ones. You can use -X to set custom requests and -H to
set custom headers (or replace internally generated ones).
Using libcurl is of course just as fine and you'd just use the proper
library options to do the same.
3.11 How do I POST with a different Content-Type?
You can always replace the internally generated headers with -H/--header.
To make a simple HTTP POST with text/xml as content-type, do something like:
curl -d "datatopost" -H "Content-Type: text/xml" [URL]
3.12 Why do FTP specific features over HTTP proxy fail?
Because when you use a HTTP proxy, the protocol spoken on the network will
be HTTP, even if you specify a FTP URL. This effectively means that you
normally can't use FTP specific features such as FTP upload and FTP quote
etc.
There is one exception to this rule, and that is if you can "tunnel through"
the given HTTP proxy. Proxy tunneling is enabled with a special option (-p)
and is generally not available as proxy admins usually disable tunneling to
other ports than 443 (which is used for HTTPS access through proxies).
3.13 Why does my single/double quotes fail?
To specify a command line option that includes spaces, you might need to
put the entire option within quotes. Like in:
curl -d " with spaces " url.com
or perhaps
curl -d ' with spaces ' url.com
Exactly what kind of quotes and how to do this is entirely up to the shell
or command line interpreter that you are using. For most unix shells, you
can more or less pick either single (') or double (") quotes. For
Windows/DOS prompts I believe you're forced to use double (") quotes.
Please study the documentation for your particular environment. Examples in
the curl docs will use a mix of both these ones as shown above. You must
adjust them to work in your environment.
Remember that curl works and runs on more operating systems than most single
individuals have ever tried.
3.14 Does curl support javascript or pac (automated proxy config)?
Many web pages do magic stuff using embedded javascript. Curl and libcurl
have no built-in support for that, so it will be treated just like any other
contents.
.pac files are a netscape invention and are sometimes used by organizations
to allow them to differentiate which proxies to use. The .pac contents is
just a javascript program that gets invoked by the browser and that returns
the name of the proxy to connect to. Since curl doesn't support javascript,
it can't support .pac proxy configuration either.
Some work-arounds usually suggested to overcome this javascript dependency:
- Depending on the javascript complexity, write up a script that
translates it to another language and execute that.
- Read the javascript code and rewrite the same logic in another language.
- Implement a javascript interpreter, people have successfully used the
Mozilla javascript engine in the past.
- Ask your admins to stop this, for a static proxy setup or similar.
3.15 Can I do recursive fetches with curl?
No. curl itself has no code that performs recursive operations, such as
those performed by wget and similar tools.
There exist wrapper scripts with that functionality (for example the
curlmirror perl script), and you can write programs based on libcurl to do
it, but the command line tool curl itself cannot.
3.16 What certificates do I need when I use SSL?
There are three different kinds of "certificates" to keep track of when we
talk about using SSL-based protocols (HTTPS or FTPS) using curl or libcurl.
- Client certificate. The server you communicate may require that you can
provide this in order to prove that you actually are who you claim to be.
If the server doesn't require this, you don't need a client certificate.
- Server certificate. The server you communicate with has a server
certificate. You can and should verify this certificate to make sure that
you are truly talking to the real server and not a server impersonating
it. The server certificate verification process is made by using a
Certificate Authority certificate ("CA cert") that was used to sign the
server certificate. Server certificate verification is enabled by default
in curl and libcurl and is often the reason for problems as explained in
FAQ entry 4.12 and the SSLCERTS document
(http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html). Server certificates that are
"self-signed" or otherwise signed by a CA that you do not have a CA cert
for, cannot be verified. If the verification during a connect fails, you
are refused access. You then need to explicitly disable the verification
to connect to the server.
- Certificate Authority certificate ("CA cert"). You often have several CA
certs in a CA cert bundle that can be used to verify a server certificate
that was signed by one of the authorities in the bundle. curl comes with a
default CA cert bundle. You can override the default.
3.17 How do I list the root dir of an FTP server?
There are two ways. The way defined in the RFC is to use an encoded slash
in the first path part. List the "/tmp" dir like this:
curl ftp://ftp.sunet.se/%2ftmp/
or the not-quite-kosher-but-more-readable way, by simply starting the path
section of the URL with a slash:
curl ftp://ftp.sunet.se//tmp/
3.18 Can I use curl to send a POST/PUT and not wait for a response?
No.
4. Running Problems
4.1 Problems connecting to SSL servers.
It took a very long time before we could sort out why curl had problems to
connect to certain SSL servers when using SSLeay or OpenSSL v0.9+. The
error sometimes showed up similar to:
16570:error:1407D071:SSL routines:SSL2_READ:bad mac decode:s2_pkt.c:233:
It turned out to be because many older SSL servers don't deal with SSLv3
requests properly. To correct this problem, tell curl to select SSLv2 from
the command line (-2/--sslv2).
There have also been examples where the remote server didn't like the SSLv2
request and instead you had to force curl to use SSLv3 with -3/--sslv3.
4.2 Why do I get problems when I use & or % in the URL?
In general unix shells, the & letter is treated special and when used, it
runs the specified command in the background. To safely send the & as a part
of a URL, you should quote the entire URL by using single (') or double (")
quotes around it.
An example that would invoke a remote CGI that uses &-letters could be:
curl 'http://www.altavista.com/cgi-bin/query?text=yes&q=curl'
In Windows, the standard DOS shell treats the %-letter specially and you
need to use TWO %-letters for each single one you want to use in the URL.
Also note that if you want the literal %-letter to be part of the data you
pass in a POST using -d/--data you must encode it as '%25' (which then also
needs the %-letter doubled on Windows machines).
4.3 How can I use {, }, [ or ] to specify multiple URLs?
Because those letters have a special meaning to the shell, and to be used in
a URL specified to curl you must quote them.
An example that downloads two URLs (sequentially) would do:
curl '{curl,www}.haxx.se'
To be able to use those letters as actual parts of the URL (without using
them for the curl URL "globbing" system), use the -g/--globoff option:
curl -g 'www.site.com/weirdname[].html'
4.4 Why do I get downloaded data even though the web page doesn't exist?
Curl asks remote servers for the page you specify. If the page doesn't exist
at the server, the HTTP protocol defines how the server should respond and
that means that headers and a "page" will be returned. That's simply how
HTTP works.
By using the --fail option you can tell curl explicitly to not get any data
if the HTTP return code doesn't say success.
4.5 Why do I get return code XXX from a HTTP server?
RFC2616 clearly explains the return codes. This is a short transcript. Go
read the RFC for exact details:
4.5.1 "400 Bad Request"
The request could not be understood by the server due to malformed
syntax. The client SHOULD NOT repeat the request without modifications.
4.5.2 "401 Unauthorized"
The request requires user authentication.
4.5.3 "403 Forbidden"
The server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfill it.
Authorization will not help and the request SHOULD NOT be repeated.
4.5.4 "404 Not Found"
The server has not found anything matching the Request-URI. No indication
is given of whether the condition is temporary or permanent.
4.5.5 "405 Method Not Allowed"
The method specified in the Request-Line is not allowed for the resource
identified by the Request-URI. The response MUST include an Allow header
containing a list of valid methods for the requested resource.
4.5.6 "301 Moved Permanently"
If you get this return code and an HTML output similar to this:
<H1>Moved Permanently</H1> The document has moved <A
HREF="http://same_url_now_with_a_trailing_slash/">here</A>.
it might be because you request a directory URL but without the trailing
slash. Try the same operation again _with_ the trailing URL, or use the
-L/--location option to follow the redirection.
4.6 Can you tell me what error code 142 means?
All curl error codes are described at the end of the man page, in the
section called "EXIT CODES".
Error codes that are larger than the highest documented error code means
that curl has exited due to a crash. This is a serious error, and we
appreciate a detailed bug report from you that describes how we could go
ahead and repeat this!
4.7 How do I keep user names and passwords secret in Curl command lines?
This problem has two sides:
The first part is to avoid having clear-text passwords in the command line
so that they don't appear in 'ps' outputs and similar. That is easily
avoided by using the "-K" option to tell curl to read parameters from a file
or stdin to which you can pass the secret info. curl itself will also
attempt to "hide" the given password by blanking out the option - this
doesn't work on all platforms.
To keep the passwords in your account secret from the rest of the world is
not a task that curl addresses. You could of course encrypt them somehow to
at least hide them from being read by human eyes, but that is not what
anyone would call security.
Also note that regular HTTP (using Basic authentication) and FTP passwords
are sent in clear across the network. All it takes for anyone to fetch them
is to listen on the network. Eavesdropping is very easy. Use more secure
authentication methods (like Digest, Negotiate or even NTLM) or consider the
SSL-based alternatives HTTPS and FTPS.
4.8 I found a bug!
It is not a bug if the behavior is documented. Read the docs first.
Especially check out the KNOWN_BUGS file, it may be a documented bug!
If it is a problem with a binary you've downloaded or a package for your
particular platform, try contacting the person who built the package/archive
you have.
If there is a bug, read the BUGS document first. Then report it as described
in there.
4.9 Curl can't authenticate to the server that requires NTLM?
This is supported in curl 7.10.6 or later. No earlier curl version knows
of this magic.
NTLM is a Microsoft proprietary protocol. Proprietary formats are evil. You
should not use such ones.
4.10 My HTTP request using HEAD, PUT or DELETE doesn't work!
Many web servers allow or demand that the administrator configures the
server properly for these requests to work on the web server.
Some servers seem to support HEAD only on certain kinds of URLs.
To fully grasp this, try the documentation for the particular server
software you're trying to interact with. This is not anything curl can do
anything about.
4.11 Why does my HTTP range requests return the full document?
Because the range may not be supported by the server, or the server may
choose to ignore it and return the full document anyway.
4.12 Why do I get "certificate verify failed" ?
You invoke curl 7.10 or later to communicate on a https:// URL and get an
error back looking something similar to this:
curl: (35) SSL: error:14090086:SSL routines:
SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed
Then it means that curl couldn't verify that the server's certificate was
good. Curl verifies the certificate using the CA cert bundle that comes with
the curl installation.
To disable the verification (which makes it act like curl did before 7.10),
use -k. This does however enable man-in-the-middle attacks.
If you get this failure but are having a CA cert bundle installed and used,
the server's certificate is not signed by one of the CA's in the bundle. It
might for example be self-signed. You then correct this problem by obtaining
a valid CA cert for the server. Or again, decrease the security by disabling
this check.
Details are also in the SSLCERTS file in the release archives, found online
here: http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html
5. libcurl Issues
5.1 Is libcurl thread-safe?
Yes.
We have written the libcurl code specifically adjusted for multi-threaded
programs. libcurl will use thread-safe functions instead of non-safe ones if
your system has such.
If you use a OpenSSL-powered libcurl in a multi-threaded environment, you
need to provide one or two locking functions:
http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/threads.html#DESCRIPTION
If you use a GnuTLS-powered libcurl in a multi-threaded environment, you
need to provide locking function(s) for libgcrypt (which is used by GnuTLS
for the crypto functions).
[informative link missing]
5.2 How can I receive all data into a large memory chunk?
[ See also the examples/getinmemory.c source ]
You are in full control of the callback function that gets called every time
there is data received from the remote server. You can make that callback do
whatever you want. You do not have to write the received data to a file.
One solution to this problem could be to have a pointer to a struct that you
pass to the callback function. You set the pointer using the
curl_easy_setopt(CURLOPT_FILE) function. Then that pointer will be passed to
the callback instead of a FILE * to a file:
/* imaginary struct */
struct MemoryStruct {
char *memory;
size_t size;
};
/* imaginary callback function */
size_t
WriteMemoryCallback(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *data)
{
size_t realsize = size * nmemb;
struct MemoryStruct *mem = (struct MemoryStruct *)data;
mem->memory = (char *)realloc(mem->memory, mem->size + realsize + 1);
if (mem->memory) {
memcpy(&(mem->memory[mem->size]), ptr, realsize);
mem->size += realsize;
mem->memory[mem->size] = 0;
}
return realsize;
}
5.3 How do I fetch multiple files with libcurl?
libcurl has excellent support for transferring multiple files. You should
just repeatedly set new URLs with curl_easy_setopt() and then transfer it
with curl_easy_perform(). The handle you get from curl_easy_init() is not
only reusable, but you're even encouraged to reuse it if you can, as that
will enable libcurl to use persistent connections.
5.4 Does libcurl do Winsock initialization on win32 systems?
Yes, if told to in the curl_global_init() call.
5.5 Does CURLOPT_WRITEDATA and CURLOPT_READDATA work on win32 ?
Yes, but you cannot open a FILE * and pass the pointer to a DLL and have
that DLL use the FILE * (as the DLL and the client application cannot access
each others' variable memory areas). If you set CURLOPT_WRITEDATA you must
also use CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION as well to set a function that writes the
file, even if that simply writes the data to the specified FILE *.
Similarly, if you use CURLOPT_READDATA you must also specify
CURLOPT_READFUNCTION.
(Provided by Joel DeYoung and Bob Schader)
5.6 What about Keep-Alive or persistent connections?
curl and libcurl have excellent support for persistent connections when
transferring several files from the same server. Curl will attempt to reuse
connections for all URLs specified on the same command line/config file, and
libcurl will reuse connections for all transfers that are made using the
same libcurl handle.
5.7 Link errors when building libcurl on Windows!
You need to make sure that your project, and all the libraries (both static
and dynamic) that it links against, are compiled/linked against the same run
time library.
This is determined by the /MD, /ML, /MT (and their corresponding /M?d)
options to the command line compiler. /MD (linking against MSVCRT dll) seems
to be the most commonly used option.
(Provided by Andrew Francis)
When building an application that uses the static libcurl library, you must
add -DCURL_STATICLIB to your CFLAGS. Otherwise the linker will look for
dynamic import symbols. If you get linker error like "unknown symbol
__imp__curl_easy_init ..." you have linked against the wrong (static)
library. If you want to use the libcurl.dll and import lib, you don't need
any extra CFLAGS, but use one of the import libraries below. These are the
libraries produced by the various lib/Makefile.* files:
Target: static lib. import lib for libcurl*.dll.
-----------------------------------------------------------
MingW: libcurl.a libcurldll.a
MSVC (release): libcurl.lib libcurl_imp.lib
MSVC (debug): libcurld.lib libcurld_imp.lib
Borland: libcurl.lib libcurl_imp.lib
5.8 libcurl.so.3: open failed: No such file or directory
This is an error message you might get when you try to run a program linked
with a shared version of libcurl and your run-time linker (ld.so) couldn't
find the shared library named libcurl.so.3.
You need to make sure that ld.so finds libcurl.so.3. You can do that
multiple ways, and it differs somewhat between different operating systems,
but they are usually:
* Add an option to the linker command line that specify the hard-coded path
the run-time linker should check for the lib (usually -R)
* Set an environment variable (LD_LIBRARY_PATH for example) where ld.so
should check for libs
* Adjust the system's config to check for libs in the directory where you've
put the dir (like Linux's /etc/ld.so.conf)
'man ld.so' and 'man ld' will tell you more details
5.9 How does libcurl resolve host names?
libcurl includes a number of different name resolve functions:
- The non-ipv6 resolver that can use one out of four host name resolve calls
(depending on what your system supports):
A - gethostbyname()
B - gethostbyname_r() with 3 arguments
C - gethostbyname_r() with 5 arguments
D - gethostbyname_r() with 6 arguments
- The ipv6-resolver that uses getaddrinfo()
- The c-ares based name resolver that uses the c-ares library for resolves.
- The Windows threaded resolver. It use:
A - gethostbyname() on plain ipv4 windows hosts
B - getaddrinfo() on ipv6-enabled windows hosts
Also note that libcurl never resolves or reverse-lookups addresses given as
pure numbers, such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1.
5.10 How do I prevent libcurl from writing the response to stdout?
libcurl provides a default built-in write function that writes received data
to stdout. Set a WRITEFUNCTION to receive the data, or possibly set
WRITEDATA to a different FILE * handle.
5.11 How do I make libcurl not receive the whole HTTP response?
You make the write callback (or progress callback) return an error and
libcurl will then abort the transfer.
5.12 Can I make libcurl fake or hide my real IP address?
No. libcurl operates on a higher level than so. Besides, faking IP address
would imply sending IP packages with a made-up source address, and then you
normally get a problem with intercepting the packages sent back as they
would then not be routed to you!
If you use a proxy to access remote sites, the sites will not see your local
IP address but instead the address of the proxy.
Also note that on many networks NATs or other IP-munging techniques are used
that makes you see and use a different IP address locally than what the
remote server will see you coming from.
6. License Issues
Curl and libcurl are released under a MIT/X derivate license. The license is
very liberal and should not impose a problem for your project. This section
is just a brief summary for the cases we get the most questions. (Parts of
this section was much enhanced by Bjorn Reese.)
6.1 I have a GPL program, can I use the libcurl library?
Yes!
Since libcurl may be distributed under the MIT/X derivate license, it can be
used together with GPL in any software.
6.2 I have a closed-source program, can I use the libcurl library?
Yes!
libcurl does not put any restrictions on the program that uses the library.
6.3 I have a BSD licensed program, can I use the libcurl library?
Yes!
libcurl does not put any restrictions on the program that uses the library.
6.4 I have a program that uses LGPL libraries, can I use libcurl?
Yes!
The LGPL license doesn't clash with other licenses.
6.5 Can I modify curl/libcurl for my program and keep the changes secret?
Yes!
The MIT/X derivate license practically allows you to do almost anything with
the sources, on the condition that the copyright texts in the sources are
left intact.
6.6 Can you please change the curl/libcurl license to XXXX?
No.
We have carefully picked this license after years of development and
discussions and a large amount of people have contributed with source code
knowing that this is the license we use. This license puts the restrictions
we want on curl/libcurl and it does not spread to other programs or
libraries that use it. It should be possible for everyone to use libcurl or
curl in their projects, no matter what license they already have in use.
7. PHP/CURL Issues
7.1 What is PHP/CURL?
The module for PHP that makes it possible for PHP programs to access curl-
functions from within PHP. We often call it PHP/CURL to differentiate from
curl the command line tool and libcurl the library.
7.2 Who write PHP/CURL?
PHP/CURL is a module that comes with the regular PHP package. It depends and
uses libcurl, so you need to have libcurl installed properly first before
PHP/CURL can be used. PHP/CURL is written by Sterling Hughes.
7.3 Can I perform multiple requests using the same handle?
Yes - at least in PHP version 4.3.8 and later (this has been known to not
work in earlier versions, but the exact version when it started to work is
unknown to me).
After a transfer, you just set new options in the handle and make another
transfer. This will make libcurl to re-use the same connection if it can.
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