# This file is part of CherryPy # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab:fileencoding=utf-8 __doc__ = """An implementation of the server-side of HTTP Digest Access Authentication, which is described in RFC 2617. Example usage, using the built-in get_ha1_dict_plain function which uses a dict of plaintext passwords as the credentials store: userpassdict = {'alice' : '4x5istwelve'} get_ha1 = cherrypy.lib.auth_digest.get_ha1_dict_plain(userpassdict) digest_auth = {'tools.auth_digest.on': True, 'tools.auth_digest.realm': 'wonderland', 'tools.auth_digest.get_ha1': get_ha1, 'tools.auth_digest.key': 'a565c27146791cfb', } app_config = { '/' : digest_auth } """ __author__ = 'visteya' __date__ = 'April 2009' try: from hashlib import md5 except ImportError: # Python 2.4 and earlier from md5 import new as md5 md5_hex = lambda s: md5(s).hexdigest() import time import base64 from urllib2 import parse_http_list, parse_keqv_list import cherrypy qop_auth = 'auth' qop_auth_int = 'auth-int' valid_qops = (qop_auth, qop_auth_int) valid_algorithms = ('MD5', 'MD5-sess') def TRACE(msg): cherrypy.log(msg, context='TOOLS.AUTH_DIGEST') # Three helper functions for users of the tool, providing three variants # of get_ha1() functions for three different kinds of credential stores. def get_ha1_dict_plain(user_password_dict): """Returns a get_ha1 function which obtains a plaintext password from a dictionary of the form: {username : password}. If you want a simple dictionary-based authentication scheme, with plaintext passwords, use get_ha1_dict_plain(my_userpass_dict) as the value for the get_ha1 argument to digest_auth(). """ def get_ha1(realm, username): password = user_password_dict.get(username) if password: return md5_hex('%s:%s:%s' % (username, realm, password)) return None return get_ha1 def get_ha1_dict(user_ha1_dict): """Returns a get_ha1 function which obtains a HA1 password hash from a dictionary of the form: {username : HA1}. If you want a dictionary-based authentication scheme, but with pre-computed HA1 hashes instead of plain-text passwords, use get_ha1_dict(my_userha1_dict) as the value for the get_ha1 argument to digest_auth(). """ def get_ha1(realm, username): return user_ha1_dict.get(user) return get_ha1 def get_ha1_file_htdigest(filename): """Returns a get_ha1 function which obtains a HA1 password hash from a flat file with lines of the same format as that produced by the Apache htdigest utility. For example, for realm 'wonderland', username 'alice', and password '4x5istwelve', the htdigest line would be: alice:wonderland:3238cdfe91a8b2ed8e39646921a02d4c If you want to use an Apache htdigest file as the credentials store, then use get_ha1_file_htdigest(my_htdigest_file) as the value for the get_ha1 argument to digest_auth(). It is recommended that the filename argument be an absolute path, to avoid problems. """ def get_ha1(realm, username): result = None f = open(filename, 'r') for line in f: u, r, ha1 = line.rstrip().split(':') if u == username and r == realm: result = ha1 break f.close() return result return get_ha1 def synthesize_nonce(s, key, timestamp=None): """Synthesize a nonce value which resists spoofing and can be checked for staleness. Returns a string suitable as the value for 'nonce' in the www-authenticate header. Args: s: a string related to the resource, such as the hostname of the server. key: a secret string known only to the server. timestamp: an integer seconds-since-the-epoch timestamp """ if timestamp is None: timestamp = int(time.time()) h = md5_hex('%s:%s:%s' % (timestamp, s, key)) nonce = '%s:%s' % (timestamp, h) return nonce def H(s): """The hash function H""" return md5_hex(s) class HttpDigestAuthorization (object): """Class to parse a Digest Authorization header and perform re-calculation of the digest. """ def errmsg(self, s): return 'Digest Authorization header: %s' % s def __init__(self, auth_header, http_method, debug=False): self.http_method = http_method self.debug = debug scheme, params = auth_header.split(" ", 1) self.scheme = scheme.lower() if self.scheme != 'digest': raise ValueError('Authorization scheme is not "Digest"') self.auth_header = auth_header # make a dict of the params items = parse_http_list(params) paramsd = parse_keqv_list(items) self.realm = paramsd.get('realm') self.username = paramsd.get('username') self.nonce = paramsd.get('nonce') self.uri = paramsd.get('uri') self.method = paramsd.get('method') self.response = paramsd.get('response') # the response digest self.algorithm = paramsd.get('algorithm', 'MD5') self.cnonce = paramsd.get('cnonce') self.opaque = paramsd.get('opaque') self.qop = paramsd.get('qop') # qop self.nc = paramsd.get('nc') # nonce count # perform some correctness checks if self.algorithm not in valid_algorithms: raise ValueError(self.errmsg("Unsupported value for algorithm: '%s'" % self.algorithm)) has_reqd = self.username and \ self.realm and \ self.nonce and \ self.uri and \ self.response if not has_reqd: raise ValueError(self.errmsg("Not all required parameters are present.")) if self.qop: if self.qop not in valid_qops: raise ValueError(self.errmsg("Unsupported value for qop: '%s'" % self.qop)) if not (self.cnonce and self.nc): raise ValueError(self.errmsg("If qop is sent then cnonce and nc MUST be present")) else: if self.cnonce or self.nc: raise ValueError(self.errmsg("If qop is not sent, neither cnonce nor nc can be present")) def __str__(self): return 'authorization : %s' % self.auth_header def validate_nonce(self, s, key): """Validate the nonce. Returns True if nonce was generated by synthesize_nonce() and the timestamp is not spoofed, else returns False. Args: s: a string related to the resource, such as the hostname of the server. key: a secret string known only to the server. Both s and key must be the same values which were used to synthesize the nonce we are trying to validate. """ try: timestamp, hashpart = self.nonce.split(':', 1) s_timestamp, s_hashpart = synthesize_nonce(s, key, timestamp).split(':', 1) is_valid = s_hashpart == hashpart if self.debug: TRACE('validate_nonce: %s' % is_valid) return is_valid except ValueError: # split() error pass return False def is_nonce_stale(self, max_age_seconds=600): """Returns True if a validated nonce is stale. The nonce contains a timestamp in plaintext and also a secure hash of the timestamp. You should first validate the nonce to ensure the plaintext timestamp is not spoofed. """ try: timestamp, hashpart = self.nonce.split(':', 1) if int(timestamp) + max_age_seconds > int(time.time()): return False except ValueError: # int() error pass if self.debug: TRACE("nonce is stale") return True def HA2(self, entity_body=''): """Returns the H(A2) string. See RFC 2617 3.2.2.3.""" # RFC 2617 3.2.2.3 # If the "qop" directive's value is "auth" or is unspecified, then A2 is: # A2 = method ":" digest-uri-value # # If the "qop" value is "auth-int", then A2 is: # A2 = method ":" digest-uri-value ":" H(entity-body) if self.qop is None or self.qop == "auth": a2 = '%s:%s' % (self.http_method, self.uri) elif self.qop == "auth-int": a2 = "%s:%s:%s" % (self.http_method, self.uri, H(entity_body)) else: # in theory, this should never happen, since I validate qop in __init__() raise ValueError(self.errmsg("Unrecognized value for qop!")) return H(a2) def request_digest(self, ha1, entity_body=''): """Calculates the Request-Digest. See RFC 2617 3.2.2.1. Arguments: ha1 : the HA1 string obtained from the credentials store. entity_body : if 'qop' is set to 'auth-int', then A2 includes a hash of the "entity body". The entity body is the part of the message which follows the HTTP headers. See RFC 2617 section 4.3. This refers to the entity the user agent sent in the request which has the Authorization header. Typically GET requests don't have an entity, and POST requests do. """ ha2 = self.HA2(entity_body) # Request-Digest -- RFC 2617 3.2.2.1 if self.qop: req = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (self.nonce, self.nc, self.cnonce, self.qop, ha2) else: req = "%s:%s" % (self.nonce, ha2) # RFC 2617 3.2.2.2 # # If the "algorithm" directive's value is "MD5" or is unspecified, then A1 is: # A1 = unq(username-value) ":" unq(realm-value) ":" passwd # # If the "algorithm" directive's value is "MD5-sess", then A1 is # calculated only once - on the first request by the client following # receipt of a WWW-Authenticate challenge from the server. # A1 = H( unq(username-value) ":" unq(realm-value) ":" passwd ) # ":" unq(nonce-value) ":" unq(cnonce-value) if self.algorithm == 'MD5-sess': ha1 = H('%s:%s:%s' % (ha1, self.nonce, self.cnonce)) digest = H('%s:%s' % (ha1, req)) return digest def www_authenticate(realm, key, algorithm='MD5', nonce=None, qop=qop_auth, stale=False): """Constructs a WWW-Authenticate header for Digest authentication.""" if qop not in valid_qops: raise ValueError("Unsupported value for qop: '%s'" % qop) if algorithm not in valid_algorithms: raise ValueError("Unsupported value for algorithm: '%s'" % algorithm) if nonce is None: nonce = synthesize_nonce(realm, key) s = 'Digest realm="%s", nonce="%s", algorithm="%s", qop="%s"' % ( realm, nonce, algorithm, qop) if stale: s += ', stale="true"' return s def digest_auth(realm, get_ha1, key, debug=False): """digest_auth is a CherryPy tool which hooks at before_handler to perform HTTP Digest Access Authentication, as specified in RFC 2617. If the request has an 'authorization' header with a 'Digest' scheme, this tool authenticates the credentials supplied in that header. If the request has no 'authorization' header, or if it does but the scheme is not "Digest", or if authentication fails, the tool sends a 401 response with a 'WWW-Authenticate' Digest header. Arguments: realm: a string containing the authentication realm. get_ha1: a callable which looks up a username in a credentials store and returns the HA1 string, which is defined in the RFC to be MD5(username : realm : password). The function's signature is: get_ha1(realm, username) where username is obtained from the request's 'authorization' header. If username is not found in the credentials store, get_ha1() returns None. key: a secret string known only to the server, used in the synthesis of nonces. """ request = cherrypy.serving.request auth_header = request.headers.get('authorization') nonce_is_stale = False if auth_header is not None: try: auth = HttpDigestAuthorization(auth_header, request.method, debug=debug) except ValueError, e: raise cherrypy.HTTPError(400, 'Bad Request: %s' % e) if debug: TRACE(str(auth)) if auth.validate_nonce(realm, key): ha1 = get_ha1(realm, auth.username) if ha1 is not None: # note that for request.body to be available we need to hook in at # before_handler, not on_start_resource like 3.1.x digest_auth does. digest = auth.request_digest(ha1, entity_body=request.body) if digest == auth.response: # authenticated if debug: TRACE("digest matches auth.response") # Now check if nonce is stale. # The choice of ten minutes' lifetime for nonce is somewhat arbitrary nonce_is_stale = auth.is_nonce_stale(max_age_seconds=600) if not nonce_is_stale: request.login = auth.username if debug: TRACE("authentication of %s successful" % auth.username) return # Respond with 401 status and a WWW-Authenticate header header = www_authenticate(realm, key, stale=nonce_is_stale) if debug: TRACE(header) cherrypy.serving.response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = header raise cherrypy.HTTPError(401, "You are not authorized to access that resource")