Arduino-USB-HID-RetroJoystickAdapter/C64_4joy_adapter

• https://www.protovision.games/hardw/4_player.php?language=en

& 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr\bin\avr-objdump.exe' -S "C:\\Users\\lehti\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_208947/c64_4joystick-adapter.ino.elf" > c:\temp\koe.txt

 cli // 1 clock
 PORTB = *ptr; // is this atomic? probably, because ptr is 6-bit pointer. nope...
 f98:	e0 91 26 01 	lds	r30, 0x0126	; 0x800126 <__data_end> // 2 clocks
 f9c:	f0 91 27 01 	lds	r31, 0x0127	; 0x800127 <__data_end+0x1> // 2 clocks
 fa0:	80 81       	ld	r24, Z // 1 clock
 fa2:	85 b9       	out	0x05, r24	; 5 // 1 clock
 sei // 1 clock

500ns

cli
mov r31, r1
mov r30, gpior0
ld	r24, Z
out	0x05, r24
sei

375ns

avr

• https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7766-8-bit-AVR-ATmega16U4-32U4_Datasheet.pdf
• https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7810-Automotive-Microcontrollers-ATmega328P_Datasheet.pdf
• http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/atmel-0856-avr-instruction-set-manual.pdf

using data/i/o space

• lds can load from io (if +0x20 added to address) or data space
• sts can store from register to io (if +0x20 added to address) or data space
• in can load from io to register
• out can write from register to io
• only one io/data address space access within one instruction?
• lds/sts takes 2 cycles and in/out takes 1 cycle? ldi takes 1 cycle?
• lds/sts: "M" _SFR_MEM_ADDR(GPIOR2), in/out: "I" _SFR_IO_ADDR(GPIOR0)

avr asm

• http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/inline_asm.html
• https://ucexperiment.wordpress.com/2016/03/04/arduino-inline-assembly-tutorial-1/
• https://ucexperiment.wordpress.com/2016/03/11/arduino-inline-assembly-tutorial-5-2/

atomic

• https://groups.google.com/a/arduino.cc/g/developers/c/cmu0Qy32zxY
• http://www.gammon.com.au/forum/?id=11488
• https://home.csulb.edu/~hill/ee346/Lectures/10%20ATmega32U4%20Interrupts.pdf

register as variable

• https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=43760.5
• http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/FAQ.html#faq_regbind
• volatile register unsigned char my_register asm("r2");
• https://www.avrfreaks.net/forum/binding-variable-register

running code from ram

• https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=425962.0
• https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=470631.0
• "AVRs are Harvard architecture CPUs, so they CANNOT run code out of RAM, so that directive can't possibly do anything of any value whatsoever."
• "Yes, Harvard IS the reason. A Harvard CPU, by definition, has separate code and data memory spaces. They execute code from one memory, and fetch data from a different memory. What you're seeing is most likely the compiler pretending the directive can do what you want, but the linker doing the only thing it can do - putting that code in FLASH."